Large-scale purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes: process, product, and characterization

Rinzler, Andrew G.; Liu, J.; Dai, Hongjie; Nikolaev, Pavel; Huffman, Chad; Rodríguez-Macías, Fernando J.; Boul, Peter J.; Lu, AlexYi-Tsung; Heymann, D.; Colbert, Daniel T.; Lee, R.S.; Fischer, J. E.; Rao, Apparao M.; Eklund, P. C.; Smalley, R. E.

doi:10.1007/s003390050734

Cited by 1,287 publications

(598 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The importance of diffuse scattering in SWNT materials is illustrated by a survey experiment carried out on a horizontal one-dimensional diffractometer equipped with a linear detector covering 120 o in 2 [12,13]. The sample was mounted in reflection geometry at grazing incidence (fixed sample angle), with the preferred axis vertical (normal to the diffracting plane) giving maximum sensitivity to 2-D rope reflections.…”

Section: X-ray Scatteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus the latter should align at smaller fields; similarly 26 Tesla should be ~ 14 times more effective than 7 Tesla for fixed n. Samples were prepared as described previously [5,8]. The starting material [12] was grown by pulsed laser ablation at 1100 o C, purified and filter-deposited from suspension in the magnetic field. Robust films with strikingly obvious preferred cleavage directions were removed from the filter membranes, then annealed in vacuum at 1150 o C using a slow ramp to drive off volatiles and enhance crystallinity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetically aligned single wall carbon nanotube films: Preferred orientation and anisotropic transport properties

Fischer¹,

Zhou²,

Vavro³

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physics

296

174

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Thick films of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) exhibiting in-plane preferred orientation have been produced by filter deposition from suspension in strong magnetic fields. We characterize the field-induced alignment with x-ray fiber diagrams and polarized Raman scattering, using a model which includes a completely unaligned fraction. We correlate the texture parameters with resistivity and thermal conductivity measured parallel and perpendicular to the alignment direction. Results obtained with 7 and 26 Tesla fields are compared. We find no significant field dependence of the distribution width, while the aligned fraction is slightly greater at the higher field. Anisotropy in both transport properties is modest, with ratios in the range 5-9, consistent with the measured texture parameters assuming a simple model of rigid rod conductors. We suggest that further enhancements in anisotropic properties will require optimizing the filter deposition process rather than larger magnetic fields. We show that both x-ray and Raman data are required for a complete texture analysis of oriented SWNT materials. Comments Postprint version. Published in Journal of ABSTRACTThick films of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) exhibiting in-plane preferred orientation have been produced by filter deposition from suspension in strong magnetic fields. We characterize the field-induced alignment with x-ray fiber diagrams and polarized Raman scattering, using a model which includes a completely unaligned fraction. We correlate the texture parameters with resistivity and thermal conductivity measured parallel and perpendicular to the alignment direction. Results obtained with 7 and 26 Tesla fields are compared. We find no significant field dependence of the distribution width, while the aligned fraction is slightly greater at the higher field.Anisotropy in both transport properties is modest, with ratios in the range 5 -9, consistent with the measured texture parameters assuming a simple model of rigid rod conductors. We suggest that further enhancements in anisotropic properties will require optimizing the filter deposition process rather than larger magnetic fields. We show that both x-ray and Raman data are required for a complete texture analysis of oriented SWNT materials.

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Section: X-ray Scatteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetically aligned single wall carbon nanotube films: Preferred orientation and anisotropic transport properties

Fischer¹,

Zhou²,

Vavro³

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physics

296

174

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“…They can be categorized into four major methods: acid oxidation, gas oxidation, filtration, and chromatography. The acid reflux procedure was first described by Rinzer et al, 12 in which raw nanotube materials are refluxed in nitric acid to oxidize the metals and impurity carbons. Other groups have employed different reaction times, temperatures, and acid concentrations, with similar results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and Characterization of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) Obtained from the Gas-Phase Decomposition of CO (HiPco Process)

et al. 2001

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A purification method has been developed that provides for the removal of metal catalysts and impurity carbon from laser-oven-grown single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) material. The oxidation rate of SWNTs in air at elevated temperatures is correlated to the metal content of the sample. Sample purity is documented with SEM, TEM, electron microprobe analysis, Raman, and UV-vis-near-IR. We also note that the relative intensity of the electronic transitions in the near-infrared to the continuum absorption at 400 nm in the UV serves as a useful monitor of the perturbation of the sidewall π-electron density of SWNTs due to sidewall substitution and/or oxidation.

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“…The use of high-temperature oxidation in air is effective in removing amorphous and graphitic contaminants from MWCNTs; for SWCNTs, however, metal catalysts must first be removed before this oxidation step since such metals are known to catalyze the low-temperature oxidation of CNTs (12,13). In principle, the purification of SWCNTs is feasible by using a combination of the following: gas-or vaporphase oxidation; wet-chemical oxidation/treatment; and centrifugation or filtration (including chromatography techniques) (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). These procedures, however, require several steps using special setups and instrumentation at elevated temperatures (800-1,200°C).…”

Section: -Pyrenebutanoic Acid Succinimidyl Ester (Pase)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification, Functionalization, and Bioconjugation of Carbon Nanotubes

Luong

Male²,

Mahmoud³

et al. 2011

Methods in Molecular Biology

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Bioconjugation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with biomolecules promises exciting applications such as biosensing, nanobiocomposite formulation, design of drug vector systems, and probing protein interactions. Pristine CNTs, however, are virtually water-insoluble and difficult to evenly disperse in a liquid matrix. Therefore, it is necessary to attach molecules or functional groups to their sidewalls to enable bioconjugation. Both noncovalent and covalent procedures can be used to conjugate CNTs with a target biomolecule for a specific bioapplication. This chapter presents a few selected protocols that can be performed at any wet chemistry laboratory to purify and biofunctionalize CNTs. The preparation of CNTs modified with metallic nanoparticles, especially gold, is also described since biomolecules can bind and self-organize on the surfaces of such metal-decorated CNTs.

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Large-scale purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes: process, product, and characterization

Cited by 1,287 publications

References 14 publications

Magnetically aligned single wall carbon nanotube films: Preferred orientation and anisotropic transport properties

Magnetically aligned single wall carbon nanotube films: Preferred orientation and anisotropic transport properties

Purification and Characterization of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) Obtained from the Gas-Phase Decomposition of CO (HiPco Process)

Purification, Functionalization, and Bioconjugation of Carbon Nanotubes

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