Larval trematode antagonism: Principles and possible application as a control method

Lie, Kian Joe

doi:10.1016/0014-4894(73)90038-6

Cited by 57 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Evidence from study of interspecific antagonism indicates that the size of muscular pharynxes is important for the ability of rediae to kill heterospecifics [22]. Despite secondary morphs being only 1.6 per cent the body size of primary morphs, secondary morph pharynxes strongly overlapped in size with the pharynxes of primary morphs, being statistically indistinguishable from those of primary morphs in the same colony (figure 1d and electronic supplementary material, figure S3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes

2010

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In some of the most complex animal societies, individuals exhibit a cooperative division of labour to form castes. The most pronounced types of caste formation involve reproductive and non-reproductive forms that are morphologically distinct. In colonies comprising separate or mobile individuals, this type of caste formation has been recognized only among the arthropods, sea anemones and mole-rats. Here, we document physical and behavioural caste formation in a flatworm. Trematode flatworm parasites undergo repeated clonal reproduction of 'parthenitae' within their molluscan hosts forming colonies. We present experimental and observational data demonstrating specialization among trematode parthenitae to form distinct soldier and reproductive castes. Soldiers do not reproduce, have relatively large mouthparts, and are much smaller and thinner than reproductives. Soldiers are also more active, and are disproportionally common in areas of the host where invasions occur. Further, only soldiers readily and consistently attack heterospecifics and conspecifics from other colonies. The division of labour described here for trematodes is strongly analogous to that characterizing other social systems with a soldier caste. The parallel caste formation in these systems, despite varying reproductive mode and taxonomic affiliation, indicates the general importance of ecological factors in influencing the evolution of social behaviour. Further, the 'recognition of self ' and the defence of the infected host body from invading parasites are comparable to aspects of immune defence. A division of labour is probably widespread among trematodes and trematode species encompass considerable taxonomic, life history and environmental diversity. Trematodes should therefore provide new, fruitful systems to investigate the ecology and evolution of sociality.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes

2010

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“…In terms of interspecific interactions, particular species of trematodes can be dominant, usually by producing competitively aggressive rediae, or subordinate because they have less aggressive sporocysts and no redial stage. Schistosomes belong to the latter group, and their sporocysts are eliminated via the predatory interactions of redia-producing trematodes, e.g., echinostomes (301,343). Yet schistosomes may exert a dominant effect in some cases.…”

Section: Control Measures Related To the Ecology Of Avian Schistosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet schistosomes may exert a dominant effect in some cases. The avian schistosome Trichobilharzia brevis persists in coinfections with two dominant echinostomes, Echinostoma audyi and Hypoderaeum dingeri (343), and can cause developmental suppression of the latter species. The nonpredatory exclusion of H. dingeri by T. brevis has also been shown experimentally (344).…”

Section: Control Measures Related To the Ecology Of Avian Schistosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch) is a condition caused by infective larvae (cercariae) of a species-rich group of mammalian and avian schistosomes. Over the last decade, it has been reported in areas that previously had few or no cases of dermatitis and is thus considered an emerging disease. It is obvious that avian schistosomes are responsible for the majority of reported dermatitis outbreaks around the world, and thus they are the primary focus of this review. Although they infect humans, they do not mature and usually die in the skin. Experimental infections of avian schistosomes in mice show that in previously exposed hosts, there is a strong skin immune reaction that kills the schistosome. However, penetration of larvae into naive mice can result in temporary migration from the skin. This is of particular interest because the worms are able to migrate to different organs, for example, the lungs in the case of visceral schistosomes and the central nervous system in the case of nasal schistosomes. The risk of such migration and accompanying disorders needs to be clarified for humans and animals of interest (e.g., dogs). Herein we compiled the most comprehensive review of the diversity, immunology, and epidemiology of avian schistosomes causing cercarial dermatitis.

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“…Hosts often vary in quality across species [7][8][9] and across individuals within a species [10]. Even at the within-host level, within-host microhabitats or tissues may vary with respect to the resources they offer or the risk of mortality to symbionts [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A symbiont's dispersal strategy: condition-dependent dispersal underlies predictable variation in direct transmission among hosts

2015

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Direct horizontal transmission of pathogenic and mutualistic symbionts has profound consequences for host and symbiont fitness alike. While the importance of contact rates for transmission is widely recognized, the processes that underlie variation in transmission during contact are rarely considered. Here, we took a symbiont's perspective of transmission as a form of dispersal and adopted the concept of condition-dependent dispersal strategies from the study of free-living organisms to understand and predict variation in transmission in the cleaning symbiosis between crayfish and ectosymbiotic branchiobdellidan worms. Field study showed that symbiont reproductive success was correlated with host size and competition among worms for microhabitats. Laboratory experiments demonstrated high variability in transmission among host contacts. Moreover, symbionts were more likely to disperse when host size and competition for microhabitat created a fitness environment below a discrete minimum threshold. A predictive model based on a condition-dependent symbiont dispersal strategy correctly predicted transmission in 95% of experimental host encounters and the exact magnitude of transmission in 67%, both significantly better than predictions that assumed a fixed transmission rate. Our work provides a dispersalbased understanding of symbiont transmission and suggests adaptive symbiont dispersal strategies can explain variation in transmission dynamics and complex patterns of host infection.

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Larval trematode antagonism: Principles and possible application as a control method

Cited by 57 publications

References 11 publications

Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes

Social organization in a flatworm: trematode parasites form soldier and reproductive castes

Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis

A symbiont's dispersal strategy: condition-dependent dispersal underlies predictable variation in direct transmission among hosts

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