“…Microlens arrays (MLAs) and MLA-based artificial compound eyes (ACEs) play a key role in advanced micro-optical systems (Pan et al, 2007 ; Song et al, 2013 ; Gorzelak et al, 2014 ; Petsch et al, 2016 ; Lin et al, 2018 ). By taking advantages of small size, high integration, and striking optical capability, MLAs and ACEs are widely applied in light-field regulation (Deng et al, 2014 ; Wei et al, 2018 ; Zhou et al, 2018 ; Sohna et al, 2019 ), fiber coupling (Elsherif et al, 2019 ; Liu et al, 2019 ; Orth et al, 2019 ), lab-on-chip devices (Fei et al, 2011 ; Lv et al, 2016 ; Vespini et al, 2016 ), biochemical observation (Ma et al, 2014 ; Holzner et al, 2018 ), laser microfabrication (Bekesi et al, 2010 ; Li et al, 2020 ), solar cells (Chen Y. et al, 2013 ), sensors (Zanella et al, 2020 ), three-dimensional imaging (Li et al, 2016 ; Kim et al, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2019 ; Joo et al, 2020 ; Qin et al, 2020 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ), and light extraction (Shin et al, 2018 ; Zhou et al, 2019a , b ). However, the normal use of the MLA is usually restricted by many limitations.…”