Laser Cladding

Lepski, D.; Brückner, Frank

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9340-1_8

Cited by 19 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The high energy density corresponds to high temperature and low surface tension. Thus, the liquid metal would flow from the central region to the edge of the molten pool [ 56 , 57 , 58 ]. The surface quality, which is reflected by the surface roughness, is strongly linked with the intensity of Marangoni flow and vapour recoil pressure.…”

Section: Surface Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Macroscopic and Microstructural Features of Metallic Coating Created by Pulsed Laser Material Deposition

2022

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Owing to the unparalleled advantages in repairing of high value-add component with big size, fabricating of functionally graded material, and cladding to enhance the surface properties of parts, the laser material deposition (LMD) is widely used. Compared to the continuous wave (CW) laser, the controllability of the laser energy would be improved and the temperature history would be different under the condition of pulse wave (PW) laser through changing the pulse parameters, such as duty cycle and pulse frequency. In this paper, the research status of temperature field simulation, surface quality, microstructural features, including microstructures, microhardness, residual stress, and cracking, as well as corrosion behavior of metallic coating created by pulsed laser material deposition have been reviewed. Furthermore, the existing knowledge and technology gaps are identified while the future research directions are also discussed.

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Section: Surface Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Macroscopic and Microstructural Features of Metallic Coating Created by Pulsed Laser Material Deposition

2022

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“…The laser beam energy dissipation by the powder granules is constant, and the powder particles’ mean size is taken into consideration [ 27 , 28 ]. While forming a powder bed, the overlapping by the powder particles is ignored.…”

Section: Mathematical Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Laser Additive Manufacturing of Cobalt–Chromium Alloy Multi-Layer Mesoscopic Analytical Modelling with Experimental Correlations: From Micro-Dendrite Grains to Bulk Objects

et al. 2022

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This study presents two analytical models for the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. To begin, the single layer’s dimensions were measured using principal operating conditions, including laser power, laser scanning speed, powder layer thickness, and hatch distance. The single-layer printing dimensions were transformed into multi-layer printing using the hatch distance. The thermal history of the printed layers was used as an input to the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami-Kolmogorov model to estimate the average dendrite grain size. LPBF experiments were conducted for a Cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloy to validate the developed model. The average dendrite grain size was estimated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) combined with “Image J” software. The Vickers hardness test was performed to correlate the average dendrite grain size and operating conditions. A 10–15% mean absolute deviation was presented between experiments and simulation results. In all samples, a Co-based γ-FCC structure was identified. An inverse correlation was established between the laser power and smaller average dendrite grain, while a direct relationship has been determined between laser scanning speed and average dendrite grain size. A similar trend was identified between hatch distance and average dendrite grain size. A direct link has been determined between the average dendrite grain size and hardness value. Furthermore, a direct relationship has connected the laser volume energy density and hardness value. This study will help experimentalists to design operating conditions based on the required grain size and corresponding mechanical characteristics.

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“…The powder flow (Q m ) is considered as steady-state, while the dissipation of laser beam energy by the powder particles is constant. The powder particles are considered spherical, having mean-radius (r p ) [17,18]. Thermo-physical properties of the powder particles are independent of the temperature change.…”

Section: An Analytical Model To Estimate Clad Geometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of clad geometry and corresponding residual stress distribution in laser melting deposition: analytical modeling and experimental correlations

Mahmood

Popescu

Hapenciuc

et al. 2020

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Laser melting deposition (LMD) is a promising technology to produce net-shape parts. The deposited layers' characteristics and induced residual stress distribution influence the quality, mechanical, and physical properties of the manufactured parts. In this study, two theoretical models are presented. Initially, the clad geometry of the 1st deposited layer is estimated using the primary process parameters. Then, a hatch distance is used to calculate the re-melting depth and total clad geometry for all the deposited layers. The output of the 1st model is then used as an input in the 2nd model to estimate the residual stress distribution within the substrate and deposited layers. The model, for clad geometry, is validated using published experimental data for the depositions of AISI316L powder debits on AISI321 bulk substrate by the LMD process. For the residual stress distribution model validation, the published experimental results for X-ray diffractometry, in case of AISI4340 steel powder debits depositions on the AISI4140 bulk substrate by the LMD setup, are used. It was found that the current models can estimate the clad geometry and induced residual stress distribution with an accuracy of 10–15 % mean absolute deviation. An optimum selection of hatch distance is necessary for proper energy density utilization and dimensional control stability. The induced residual stress distribution was caused by the heating and cooling mechanisms, which appeared due to rapid heating and moderate cooling, in combination with slow conduction. These phenomena became incrementally iterative with the number of layers to be deposited, thus presenting a direct relationship between the residual stress distribution and the number of layers deposited on the substrate. The proposed models have high computational efficiency without restoring the meshing and iterative calculations. The high prediction accuracy and computational efficiency allow the presented model to investigate further the part distortion, part porosity, life-expectancy and mechanical properties of the part, and process parameter planning.

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Laser Cladding

Cited by 19 publications

References 34 publications

A Review on Macroscopic and Microstructural Features of Metallic Coating Created by Pulsed Laser Material Deposition

A Review on Macroscopic and Microstructural Features of Metallic Coating Created by Pulsed Laser Material Deposition

Advances in Laser Additive Manufacturing of Cobalt–Chromium Alloy Multi-Layer Mesoscopic Analytical Modelling with Experimental Correlations: From Micro-Dendrite Grains to Bulk Objects

Estimation of clad geometry and corresponding residual stress distribution in laser melting deposition: analytical modeling and experimental correlations

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