Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Mars surface analysis: capabilities at stand-off distances and detection of chlorine and sulfur elements

Sallé, B.; Lacour, Jean-Luc; Vors, E.; Fichet, Pascal; Maurice, S.; Cremers, David A.; Wiens, R. C.

doi:10.1016/j.sab.2004.06.006

Cited by 169 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Analysis of the LIBS spectra for the ceramics shows that, as reported by Sallé et al (2004) and Dyar et al (2011), direct detection of sulfur is difficult in LIBS analyses in a martian environment. The latter paper points out that transition probabilities for even the strong S lines are significantly smaller (at least an order of magnitude) than those for other "major" elements, so that S lines may be difficult to detect by routine methods, even in high-S samples.…”

Section: Application Of S-bearing Granular Ceramics As Chemcam Calibrmentioning

confidence: 82%

Ceramic ChemCam Calibration Targets on Mars Science Laboratory

et al. 2012

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The ChemCam instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity will use laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to analyze major and minor element chemistry from sub-millimeter spot sizes, at ranges of ∼1.5-7 m. To interpret the emission spectra obtained, ten calibration standards will be carried on the rover deck. Graphite, Ti metal, and four glasses of igneous composition provide primary, homogeneous calibration targets for the laser. Four granular ceramic targets have been added to provide compositions closer to soils and sedimentary materials like those expected at the Gale Crater field site on Mars. Components used in making these ceramics include basalt, evaporite, and phyllosilicate materials that approximate the chemical compositions of detrital and authigenic constituents of clastic and evaporite sediments, including the elevated sulfate contents present in many Mars sediments and soils. Powdered components were sintered at low temperature (800°C) with a small amount (9 wt.%) of lithium tetraborate flux to produce ceramics that retain volatile sulfur yet are durable enough for the mission. The ceramic targets are more heterogeneous than the pure element and homogenous glass standards but they provide standards with compositions more similar to the sedimentary rocks that will be Curiosity's prime targets at Gale Crater.

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Section: Application Of S-bearing Granular Ceramics As Chemcam Calibrmentioning

confidence: 82%

Ceramic ChemCam Calibration Targets on Mars Science Laboratory

et al. 2012

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“…In the meantime, the carbon line at 657.8 nm ( Sulfur is difficult too with LIBS, especially with ChemCam because its ionization energy is relatively high and most of the intense S peaks lie outside the range of the spectrometers. 34,35 Weaker lines at 543.3, 545.4, 547.4 nm, and around 564 nm are regularly used (Fig. 2, panel G).…”

Section: Non-metallic Elements (H C O P S)mentioning

confidence: 99%

ChemCam activities and discoveries during the nominal mission of the Mars Science Laboratory in Gale crater, Mars

Maurice

Clegg

Wiens

et al. 2016

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

156

111

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At Gale crater, Mars, ChemCam acquired its first laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) target on Sol 13 of the landed portion of the mission (a Sol is a Mars day). Up to Sol 800, more than 188 000 LIBS spectra were acquired on more than 5800 points distributed over about 650 individual targets. We present a comprehensive review of ChemCam scientific accomplishments during that period, together with a focus on the lessons learned from the first use of LIBS in space. For data processing, we describe new tools that had to be developed to account for the uniqueness of Mars data. With regard to chemistry, we present a summary of the composition range measured on Mars for major-element oxides (SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , FeO T , MgO, CaO, Na 2 O, K 2 O) based on various multivariate models, with associated precisions.ChemCam also observed H, and the non-metallic elements C, O, P, and S, which are usually difficult to quantify with LIBS. F and Cl are observed through their molecular lines. We discuss the most relevant LIBS lines for detection of minor and trace elements (Li, Rb, Sr, Ba, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Zn). These results were obtained thanks to comprehensive ground reference datasets, which are set to mimic the expected mineralogy and chemistry on Mars. With regard to the first use of LIBS in space, we analyze and quantify, often for the first time, each of the advantages of using stand-off LIBS in space: no sample preparation, analysis within its petrological context, dust removal, sub-millimeter scale investigation, multi-point analysis, the ability to carry out statistical surveys and whole-rock analyses, and rapid data acquisition.We conclude with a discussion of ChemCam performance to survey the geochemistry of Mars, and its valuable support of decisions about selecting where and whether to make observations with more time and resource-intensive tools in the rover's instrument suite. In the end, we present a bird's-eye view of Cite this:

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“…131,132 The collection of the radiation emitted by the plasma can also be made by using two lenses, one collimating and the other focusing the emitted radiation on the collecting optical fiber cable or directly onto the entrance of the wavelength selector. 75,119 In addition to the optics, moveable sample stages (rotating or X-Y stages, sometimes under computer control), for changing the surface region under analysis and for surface mapping applications, 83,95,107,119 and sample chambers, for analysis under vacuum or gas insertion, simulating specific atmospheres or atmospheric pressures, 133,134,135 have been used.…”

Section: Optical Components and Other Partsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…161 In addition of providing the acquisition of emission spectra, CCD cameras have also been used in LIBS applications for plasma imaging or sample imaging, in order to monitor plasma formation, 150,162,163 or to adjust the sample position and the optical alignment in space resolved applications, 66,83,107 respectively. Studies of the temporal evolution of the plasma and the laser pulse are also carried out using fast photodiodes and PMT connected to oscilloscopes, 57,134 while the acoustic emission associated to the laser ablation process can be measured using microphones connected to an oscilloscope or, 81 in a lower cost system, a standard microcomputer sound card. 125 The variation of acoustic emission as a function of the laser energy can be used to calculate the ablation threshold energy, or the minimum energy needed to start the ablation process, for a given sample.…”

Section: Detecting Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another study, Sallé et al 134 tested the capabilities of two different experimental setups for in situ geochemical analysis of Mars soils and rocks at stand-off distances up to several meters using the LIBS technique. They established analytical curves for elements presents in Al alloys and in Martian atmospheric conditions.…”

Section: Libs For Analysis In Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Pasquini¹,

Cortez²,

Silva³

et al. 2007

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

342

195

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Esta revisão descreve os aspectos fundamentais, a instrumentação, as aplicações e tendências futuras de uma técnica analítica que se encontra em seu estágio de consolidação e que está em vias de estabelecer o seu nicho entre as técnicas espectrofotométricas modernas. A técnica é denominada Espectroscopia de Emissão em Plasma Induzido por Laser (em inglês, Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, LIBS) e sua principal característica está no uso de pulsos de laser como fonte de energia para vaporizar a amostra e excitar a emissão de radiação eletromagnética, a partir de seus elementos e/ou fragmentos moleculares. A radiação emitida é analisada por meio de instrumentos ópticos de alta resolução e as suas intensidades são medidas, usualmente com detectores rápidos de estado sólido. Em conjunto, esses dispositivos permitem a geração e a medida de um espectro de emissão de faixa ampla do fenômeno induzido pelo pulso de laser. O espectro registrado contém informação qualitativa e quantitativa que pode ser correlacionada com a identidade da amostra ou empregada na determinação da quantidade de seus constituintes. Essa revisão é dividida em quatro partes. A primeira aborda aspectos históricos da técnica e os conceitos teóricos relevantes associados com LIBS; então, os aspectos práticos de diversas abordagens experimentais e instrumentais empregadas na implementação da técnica são revistos de forma crítica; as aplicações encontradas na literatura, incluindo aquelas que empregam quimiometria, são classificadas e exemplificadas por meio de trabalhos relevantes recentemente publicados. Finalmente, uma tentativa de estabelecer uma avaliação global e as perspectivas futuras para a técnica é apresentada.This review describes the fundamentals, instrumentation, applications and future trends of an analytical technique that is in its early stages of consolidation and is establishing its definitive niches among modern spectrometric techniques. The technique has been named Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and its main characteristic stands in the use of short laser pulses as the energy source to vaporize samples and excite the emission of electromagnetic radiation from its elements and/or molecular fragments. The emitted radiation is analyzed by high resolution optics and the intensities are recorded, usually by fast triggered solid state detectors. Together, these devices allow producing and registering a wide ranging emission spectrum of the short-lived phenomenon induced by the laser pulse. The spectrum contains qualitative and quantitative information which can be correlated with sample identity or can be used to determine the amount of its constituents. This review is divided in four parts. First, the relevant historical and theoretical concepts associated with LIBS are presented; then the main practical aspects of the several experimental and instrumental approaches employed for implementation of the technique are critically described; the applications related in the literature, including those making use of chemometri...

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Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Mars surface analysis: capabilities at stand-off distances and detection of chlorine and sulfur elements

Cited by 169 publications

References 27 publications

Ceramic ChemCam Calibration Targets on Mars Science Laboratory

Ceramic ChemCam Calibration Targets on Mars Science Laboratory

ChemCam activities and discoveries during the nominal mission of the Mars Science Laboratory in Gale crater, Mars

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

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