Laser-induced corneal injury: validation of a computer model to predict thresholds

Jean, Mathieu; Schulmeister, Karl; Lund, David J.; Stuck, Bruce E.

doi:10.1364/boe.412102

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The model was fitted to 253 ED 50 values from 31 studies, spanning a range of exposure durations from 100 ms through 3,000 s. The predicted threshold exposures for thermal damage over this wide range of exposure parameters agreed with experimental data with a standard deviation of 31%, a level of accuracy that authors considered "cannot be improved much further due to experimental uncertainties and intersubject variability." • Jean et al (2021) fitted 169 sets of in vivo data on corneal damage in rabbits and rhesus monkeys exposed to pulsed IR radiation, with pulse duration from 1.7 ns to 100 s and wavelengths between 1,050 nm to 10.6 mm (where most incident energy is absorbed close to the surface of the eye). The benchmark for damage (ED 50 ) was "minimal visible lesion with a slit lamp.…”

Section: Reference Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-temperature Thresholds and Safety Factors for Thermal Hazards from Radiofrequency Energy above 6 GHz

2021

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Two major sets of exposure limits for radiofrequency (RF) radiation, those of the International Commission on Nonionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP 2020) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE C95.1–2019), have recently been revised and updated with significant changes in limits above 6 GHz through the millimeter wave (mm-wave) band (30–300 GHz). This review compares available data on thermal damage and pain from exposure to RF energy above 6 GHz with corresponding data from infrared energy and other heat sources and estimates safety factors that are incorporated in the IEEE and ICNIRP RF exposure limits. The benchmarks for damage are the same as used in ICNIRP IR limits: minimal epithelial damage to cornea and first-degree burn (erythema in skin observable within 48 h after exposure). The data suggest that limiting thermal hazard to skin is cutaneous pain for exposure durations less than ≈20 min and thermal damage for longer exposures. Limitations on available data and thermal models are noted. However, data on RF and IR thermal damage and pain thresholds show that exposures far above current ICNIRP and IEEE limits would be required to produce thermally hazardous effects. This review focuses exclusively on thermal hazards from RF exposures above 6 GHz to skin and the cornea, which are the most exposed tissues in the considered frequency range.

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Section: Reference Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-temperature Thresholds and Safety Factors for Thermal Hazards from Radiofrequency Energy above 6 GHz

2021

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“…Laser safety has been discussed in plenty of research papers with different applications such as industry, medicine, military, education and so on since the late 1960s [57]- [70]. The main contributions and achievements of these studies are outlined in Table II.…”

Section: Iec 60825mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jean et al [70] Computer models are developed to predict injury thresholds in the wavelength range from 1050 nm to 10.6 µm. 1997 Henderson [72] A guide for the safe use of laser products, which embraces hazards of laser radiation, laser classification, approaches for hazard control and biological effect of laser radiation.…”

Section: Jiao Et Al [68]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Analysis for Laser-Based Optical Wireless Communications: A Tutorial

Soltani¹,

Sarbazi²,

Bamiedakis³

et al. 2022

Proc. IEEE

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“…3: Classification of ICNIRP guidelines on limits of exposure. as industry, medicine, military, education and so on since the late 1960s [57]- [70]. The main contributions and achievements of these studies are outlined in Table II.…”

Section: Iec 60825mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jean et al [70] Computer models are developed to predict injury thresholds in the wavelength range from 1050 nm to 10.6 µm. [71] This book includes characteristics of lasers; eye components; skin damage thresholds; classification of lasers by ANSI Z136.1; selecting laser-protective eyewear; hazards associated with lasers.…”

Section: Jiao Et Al [67]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Analysis for Laser-based Optical Wireless Communications: A Tutorial

Soltani¹,

Sarbazi²,

Bamiedakis³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) sources have many advantages for use in high data rate optical wireless communications. In particular, the low cost and high-bandwidth properties of laser sources such as vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) make them attractive for future indoor optical wireless communications. In order to be integrated into future indoor networks, such lasers should conform to eye safety regulations determined by the international electrotechnical commission (IEC) standards for laser safety. In this paper, we provide a detailed study of beam propagation to evaluate the received power of various laser sources, based on which as well as the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) defined by the IEC 60825-1:2014 standard, we establish a comprehensive framework for eye safety analyses. This framework allows us to calculate the maximum allowable transmit power, which is crucial in the design of a reliable and safe laser-based wireless communication system. Initially, we consider a single-mode Gaussian beam and calculate the maximum permissible transmit power. Subsequently, we generalize this approach for higher-mode beams. It is shown that the M -squared-based approach for analysis of multimode lasers ensures the IEC eye safety limits, however, in some scenarios, it can be too conservative compared to the precise beam decomposition method.Laser safety analyses with consideration of optical elements such as lens and diffuser, as well as for VCSEL array have been also presented. Skin safety, as another significant factor of laser safety, has also been investigated in this paper. We have studied the impacts of various parameters such as wavelength, exposure duration and the divergence angle of laser sources on the safety analysis by presenting insightful results.

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Laser-induced corneal injury: validation of a computer model to predict thresholds

Cited by 8 publications

References 36 publications

Time-temperature Thresholds and Safety Factors for Thermal Hazards from Radiofrequency Energy above 6 GHz

Time-temperature Thresholds and Safety Factors for Thermal Hazards from Radiofrequency Energy above 6 GHz

Safety Analysis for Laser-Based Optical Wireless Communications: A Tutorial

Safety Analysis for Laser-based Optical Wireless Communications: A Tutorial

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