Laser plasma x-ray contact microscopy of living specimens using a chemically amplified epoxy resist

Cefalas, A.C.; Argitis, Panagiotis; Kollia, Z.; Sarantopoulou, E.; Ford, T. W.; Stead, Anthony D.; Marranca, A.; Danson, C.; Knott, J. F.; Neely, D.

doi:10.1063/1.121616

Cited by 22 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This is because the dissociative excited states of the small radicals occupy the energy range above 6.5 eV (200 nm). This unique functionality at low wavelengths and 157 nm allows for the unique bio-functionalities of surfaces [ 51 , 52 ]. Following laser irradiation at 157 nm, a drop of the liquid was deposited on a Si wafer and left to dry.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective aggregation of PAMAM dendrimer nanocarriers and PAMAM/ZnPc nanodrugs on human atheromatous carotid tissues: a photodynamic therapy for atherosclerosis

Spyropoulos-Antonakakis

Sarantopoulou

Trohopoulos

et al. 2015

Nanoscale Res Lett

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the action of photons on photosensitive molecules, where atomic oxygen or OH− molecular species are locally released on pathogenic human cells, which are mainly carcinogenic, thus causing cell necrosis. The efficacy of PDT depends on the local nanothermodynamic conditions near the cell/nanodrug system that control both the level of intracellular translocation of nanoparticles in the pathogenic cell and their agglomeration on the cell membrane. Dendrimers are considered one of the most effective and promising drug carriers because of their relatively low toxicity and negligible activation of complementary reactions. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrite delivery of PDT agents has been investigated in the last few years for tumour selectivity, retention, pharmacokinetics and water solubility. Nevertheless, their use as drug carriers of photosensitizing molecules in PDT for cardiovascular disease, targeting the selective necrosis of macrophage cells responsible for atheromatous plaque growth, has never been investigated. Furthermore, the level of aggregation, translocation and nanodrug delivery efficacy of PAMAM dendrimers or PAMAM/zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) conjugates on human atheromatous tissue and endothelial cells is still unknown.In this work, the aggregation of PAMAM zero generation dendrimers (G0) acting as drug delivery carriers, as well as conjugated G0 PAMAM dendrimers with a ZnPc photosensitizer, to symptomatic and asymptomatic human carotid tissues was investigated by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). For the evaluation of the texture characteristics of the AFM images, statistical surface morphological and fractal analytical methodologies and Minkowski functionals were used. All statistical quantities showed that the deposition of nanodrug carriers on healthy tissue has an inverse impact when comparing to the deposition on atheromatous tissue with different aggregation features between G0 and G0/ZnPc nanoparticles and with considerably larger G0/ZnPc aggregations on the atheromatous plaque. The results highlight the importance of using PAMAM dendrimer carriers as a novel and promising PDT platform for atherosclerosis therapies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s11671-015-0904-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective aggregation of PAMAM dendrimer nanocarriers and PAMAM/ZnPc nanodrugs on human atheromatous carotid tissues: a photodynamic therapy for atherosclerosis

Spyropoulos-Antonakakis

Sarantopoulou

Trohopoulos

et al. 2015

Nanoscale Res Lett

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“…The main difference of our experiments from the earlier works on X-ray contact (proximity) microscopy with a laser plasma source (see, foe example, Cefalas et al, 1998;Ford et al, 1991;Limongi et al, 2004;Michette et al, 1986;Milani et al, 2005) consists in Fig. 4.…”

Section: Experimental Set-upmentioning

confidence: 83%

Soft X-ray imaging of thick carbon-based materials using the normal incidence multilayer optics

Artyukov¹,

Feschenko²,

Виноградов³

et al. 2010

Micron

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The high transparency of carbon-containing materials in the spectral region of "carbon window" (lambda approximately 4.5-5nm) introduces new opportunities for various soft X-ray microscopy applications. The development of efficient multilayer coated X-ray optics operating at the wavelengths of about 4.5nm has stimulated a series of our imaging experiments to study thick biological and synthetic objects. Our experimental set-up consisted of a laser plasma X-ray source generated with the 2nd harmonics of Nd-glass laser, scandium-based thin-film filters, Co/C multilayer mirror and X-ray film UF-4. All soft X-ray images were produced with a single nanosecond exposure and demonstrated appropriate absorption contrast and detector-limited spatial resolution. A special attention was paid to the 3D imaging of thick low-density foam materials to be used in design of laser fusion targets.

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“…It can also be used for photoresists as well. 29,30 In the cases examined, the concentration of the photoacid generator ͑PAG͒ was 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. Its molecule is shown in Fig.…”

Section: A Resist Materials and Experimental Conditions Used In The Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Monte Carlo simulation of gel formation and surface and line-edge roughness in negative tone chemically amplified resists

Patsis

Γλέζος

Gogolides

2003

Journal of Vacuum Science &Amp; Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena

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Simulation of amine concentration dependence on line edge roughness after development in electron beam lithography J. Appl. Phys.Surface and line-edge roughness in solution and plasma developed negative tone resists: Experiment and simulation J.A molecular-based representation of a negative tone chemically amplified resist was developed and studied using stochastic simulations. The gel formation mechanism resulting from the reactiondiffusion phenomena in the polymer matrix during the postexposure bake step, as well as the surface and line-edge roughness formation were investigated in two dimensions. Graph theory computational techniques were employed to determine the gel cluster size and its relation to the fraction of the total number of chemically and physically cross-linked chains. Results of the simulation include the maximum acid diffusion range, the cross-link density, the surface and line edge roughness, versus exposure dose and photoacid generator concentration.

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Laser plasma x-ray contact microscopy of living specimens using a chemically amplified epoxy resist

Cited by 22 publications

References 12 publications

Selective aggregation of PAMAM dendrimer nanocarriers and PAMAM/ZnPc nanodrugs on human atheromatous carotid tissues: a photodynamic therapy for atherosclerosis

Selective aggregation of PAMAM dendrimer nanocarriers and PAMAM/ZnPc nanodrugs on human atheromatous carotid tissues: a photodynamic therapy for atherosclerosis

Soft X-ray imaging of thick carbon-based materials using the normal incidence multilayer optics

Monte Carlo simulation of gel formation and surface and line-edge roughness in negative tone chemically amplified resists

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