Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Ti15Mo Fused Tracks and Layers

Dzogbewu, Thywill Cephas; Beer, Deon de; Preez, Willie du

doi:10.1007/s11837-023-05842-2

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…These values were used as starting points in the present study, and the laser power and scanning speed then varied three steps below and above these best values, as shown in Table 1. According to the literature, the best hatch distance experimentally determined for Ti6Al4V was 80 µm, with track widths ranging from 80 µm to 160 µm [25]. Therefore, this was used as a starting point to determine the best hatch distances for the different SiC/Ti6Al4V(ELI) composites.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the literature, the best hatch distance experimentally determined for Ti6Al4V was 80 µm, with track widths ranging from 80 µm to 160 µm [ 25 ]. Therefore, this was used as a starting point to determine the best hatch distances for the different SiC/Ti6Al4V(ELI) composites.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A complete layer consists of the arrangement of single tracks adjacent to one another [10,23]. Single tracks form the foundation in the building of parts, and it is the bonding of adjacent tracks that creates a single layer [24,25]. Multiple layers are subsequently built on top of each other to create a full part.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple layers are subsequently built on top of each other to create a full part. The quality of intertrack bonds is predicated mainly on the degree of overlap of adjacent tracks, thus the need for studies to optimise hatch distances [ 24 , 25 , 26 ] Various studies have shown that good intertrack bonding occurs where the overlap rate is more than 50% [ 25 ]. The quality of interlayer bonds, on the other hand, depends on the depth of penetration and, therefore, the necessity to examine the cross-sections of built tracks and layers [ 8 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been demonstrated that good interlayer bonding occurs where the depth of penetration is more than one layer to ensure remelting of the previous layer, thus leading to its fusion with the current layer. This, and the absence of unmelted powder and gas pores between adjacent layers, ensure good quality of the interlayer bonds [ 25 , 26 ]. Hence, the properties of built 3D parts depend on the quality of the single tracks [ 21 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Analysis of Low and High SiC Volume Fraction Additively Manufactured SiC/Ti6Al4V(ELI) Composites Based on the Best Process Parameters of Laser Power, Scanning Speed and Hatch Distance

Thamae,

Maringa,

du Preez

2024

Materials

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Silicon carbide (SiC) exhibits intriguing thermo-physical properties such as higher heat capacity and conductivity, as well as a lower density than Ti6Al4V(ELI). These properties make SiC a good candidate for the reinforcement of Ti6Al4V(ELI) with respect to its use as a heat shield in aero turbines to increase their efficiency. The traditional materials used in aircraft structures were required to have a combination of good mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness, and hardness and low weight, as well as low thermo-physical properties such as coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and thermal conductivity. The alloy Ti6Al4V(ELI) has a density of 4.45 g/cm3, which is lower than that of structural steel (7.4 g/cm3) and higher than that of aluminium (2.5 g/cm3). Lower density benefits light weighting. Aluminium is the lightest of the traditional materials used but has relatively low strength. The CTE of SiC of 4.6 × 10−6/K is lower than that of Ti6Al4V(ELI) of 8.6 × 10−6/K, while the density of SiC of 3.21 g/cm3 is lower than that of Ti6Al4V(ELI) of 4.45 g/cm3. Therefore, from the theory of composites, SiC/Ti6Al4V(ELI) composites are expected to have lower densities and CTEs than those of Ti6Al4V(ELI), thus providing for lightweighting and less thermal related buckling or separation at their joints with carbon/epoxy resin panels. The specific strength, stiffness, and Knoop hardness of SiC of 75–490 kNm/kg, 132 MNm/kg, and 600–3800 GPa, respectively, are generally larger than those of Ti6Al4V(ELI) of 211 KNm/kg, 24 MNm/kg, and 880 GPa, respectively. Therefore, investigating reinforcement of Ti6Al4V(ELI) with SiC particles is worthwhile as it will lead to the formation of composites that are stronger, stiffer, harder, and lighter, with lower values of CTE. For additive manufacturing, this requires initial studies to optimise the process parameters of laser power and scanning speed for single tracks. To print single tracks in the present work, different laser powers ranging from 100 W to 350 W and scanning speeds ranging from 0.3 m/s to 2.7 m/s were used for different SiC volume fraction values of values. To print single layers, different values of hatch distance were used together with the best values of laser power and scanning speed determined elsewhere by the authors for different volume fractions of SiC. Through optical microscopy, the built tracks and their cross sections were examined. By using laser power and scanning speeds of 200 W and 1.2 m/s, and 150 W and 0.8 m/s, respectively, the best tracks at 5% and 10% volume fractions were obtained, whereas the best tracks at 25% volume fraction were achieved using a laser power of 200 W and a scanning speed of 0.5 m/s. Furthermore, the results showed that the maximum SiC volume percentage of 30% resulted in limited or no penetration. Therefore, it is concluded from the study that parts with improved mechanical properties can be produced at SiC volume fractions ranging from 5% to 25%, while parts produced at the high volume fraction of 30 % would have unacceptable mechanical qualities for the final part.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Analysis of Low and High SiC Volume Fraction Additively Manufactured SiC/Ti6Al4V(ELI) Composites Based on the Best Process Parameters of Laser Power, Scanning Speed and Hatch Distance

Thamae,

Maringa,

du Preez

2024

Materials

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The role of PGMs in decarbonizing the atmosphere: additive manufacturing in perspective

Dzogbewu,

de Beer

2024

Manufacturing Rev.

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Platinum Group of Metals (PGMs) has been at the forefront of emission control in autocatalysts and could be the driving force behind the net-zero agenda, by providing emission-free energy sources. The literature has revealed that the versatility of additive manufacturing (AM) could be used to produce intricate hierarchical structures that increase the active catalytic sites of PGMs in autocatalysts, fuel cells (FCs), and batteries with improved operational efficiency. FCs and batteries with lower PGM loads have proven to perform better than conventional manufactured energy devices with higher PGM loads. The inherent hyperlocal-on-demand nature of AM could be used to disrupt the conventional multiple energy-consuming carbon-intensive supply chain to decarbonize the atmosphere. The synergy between AM and PGMs has contributed greatly to the increase in operational performance of FCs and batteries, compelling several nations to start migrating their energy systems to eco-friendly energy systems.

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Additive manufacturing of selected ecofriendly energy devices

Dzogbewu,

de Beer

2023

Virtual and Physical Prototyping

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Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Ti15Mo Fused Tracks and Layers

Cited by 3 publications

References 47 publications

A Comparative Analysis of Low and High SiC Volume Fraction Additively Manufactured SiC/Ti6Al4V(ELI) Composites Based on the Best Process Parameters of Laser Power, Scanning Speed and Hatch Distance

A Comparative Analysis of Low and High SiC Volume Fraction Additively Manufactured SiC/Ti6Al4V(ELI) Composites Based on the Best Process Parameters of Laser Power, Scanning Speed and Hatch Distance

The role of PGMs in decarbonizing the atmosphere: additive manufacturing in perspective

Additive manufacturing of selected ecofriendly energy devices

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