“…Novel PC systems exhibit some prominent optical properties, such as the superprism effect (super-refraction), 7,8 negative refraction, 9,10 birefringence, 11 self-collimating, 12 slow pulse propagation, 13 and ultra-small optical cavities. 14 Based on these intriguing photonic properties, PC systems have been used as reective coatings, anti-counterfeiting lms, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) components, color pigments in paints and inks, ultra-low loss photonic integrated circuits, resonator cavities for laser emission, and many other optical devices. [15][16][17][18] PC systems can be divided into one-, two-or three-dimensional photonic band-gap materials based on the periodicity, which can be fabricated at various length scales in two strategies of either bottom-up or top-down.…”