LASL Explosive Property Data

Gibbs, Terry R.; Popolato, A.; Baytos, J.F.

doi:10.1525/9780520313743

Cited by 428 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Kel F-800, the binder of PBX 9502 is relatively thermally stable between room temperature and the critical temperature of PBX 9502 [19]. Conversely, the binder Estane® in PBX 9501 is noted to depolymerize above 50°C [1], resulting in a reduction of strength with time. Furthermore, it is generally noted that thermoplastic polyurethanes such as Estane® tend to get somewhat tacky with increasing temperature.…”

Section: Binder Contributions To Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is of interest to examine if modern, insensitive energetic materials such as PBX 9502 can be machined efficiently and safely outside of the bounds of DOE-STD-1212-2019. PBX 9502 is composed of 95 weight percent of TATB and five weight percent of the binder Kel F-800 [1]. Its critical temperature, i. e., the constant surface temperature that results in selfheating to ignition, is 331°C [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PBX 9502 is composed of 95 weight percent of TATB and five weight percent of the binder Kel F-800 [1]. Its critical temperature, i. e., the constant surface temperature that results in selfheating to ignition, is 331°C [1,2]. Maintaining machining temperatures beneath this critical temperature should allow for safe PBX 9502 machining in the absence of other ignition contributors such as shock or extreme pressure [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparisons are made to PBX 9501 (95 % HMX, 2.5 % Estane®, 2.5 % BDNPA/BDNPF by weight). The main constituent of PBX 9501, HMX, has a phase change at 180°C associated with a transition from an insensitive to a sensitive regime [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Sensitivity of PBX 9502 to Drilling Operations

Clark

Brinkman²,

Neuber

2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) 9502 (95 % TATB, 5 % Kel F-800 by weight) is dry-drilled on a CNC milling machine and its thermomechanical response to varying feed rates, drilling speeds, and peck depths with 4 mm and 5 mm diameter drill bits is investigated. The tested samples are affixed to a force sensor that enables recording temporally resolved cutting forces and torques, and a drill-embedded thermocouple yields local temperature data. From the data, an empirical relationship between temperature changes and feed per revolution is developed, which reveals reduced temperatures in higher feed per revolution regimes for PBX 9502. The observed relationship allows extrapolating to temperatures for other hole diameters, in-dicating increased temperature for smaller diameter drilling across the board. Additional testing was performed with PBX 9501 (95 % HMX, 2.5 % Estane®, 2.5 % BDNPA/BDNPF by weight), albeit over a reduced parameter space, which revealed the opposite behavior for the feed per revolution temperature dependence. It is concluded that both PBX 9502 and PBX 9501 can be dry-drilled efficiently beyond the limits of presently applicable US-DOE standards, where cutting interface temperatures remain far below material critical temperatures. Finally, data reveals that coolant usage in the drilling process for these materials provides a wide safety margin.

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Section: Binder Contributions To Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Sensitivity of PBX 9502 to Drilling Operations

Clark

Brinkman²,

Neuber

2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…Polymorphism is universal in EMs. − Very recently, Bu et al reviewed the polymorphic structures and transitions of six common Ems, including 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX), and 2,2-dinitro-ethylene-1,1-diamine (FOX-7) . Almost all the polymorphic transitions of the six EMs are thermally and mechanically induced. , The transition accompanies the change of internal crystal packing structure, and thereby, it causes property and performance variations, among which energy and safety are the two most important characteristics for EMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorph-Dependent Initial Thermal Decay Mechanism of Energetic Materials: A Case of 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocane

et al. 2021

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Polymorphism is universal in energetic materials (EMs), and polymorphic transition may lead to variations of structure and performance. This work exemplifies such variations by revealing the polymorph-dependent mechanism of initial thermal decomposition of a typical EM, 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX), using density functional tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations. This polymorphic dependence is reflected by the differences in starting steps and their weights and the evolutions of potential energy, reactants, and some important intermediates and products. Our simulations show that δ-HMX, thermally transitioned from α- or β-HMX, possesses the lowest thermostability; the C–N cleavage and the NO2 partition initiate the thermal decomposition of all three polymorphs, and their weights increase and reduce with the increasing temperature; and the intermediate-initiated thermal decomposition of the HMX molecules occurs only in the β-formed polymorph. The polymorphic dependence is originated from the differences of molecular conformers and stacking mode of different polymorphs, which further result in the differences in internal energy, intermolecular contact, and intermolecular reaction. This work presents a molecular insight into the polymorph-dependent thermal decomposition mechanism and exemplifies the importance of thinking highly of the structure transitioned, instead of the most stable structure under common conditions only.

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Explosives

Lindner

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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LASL Explosive Property Data

Cited by 428 publications

References 0 publications

The Sensitivity of PBX 9502 to Drilling Operations

The Sensitivity of PBX 9502 to Drilling Operations

Polymorph-Dependent Initial Thermal Decay Mechanism of Energetic Materials: A Case of 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocane

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