Latent Hazard Anticipation in Young Drivers: Review and Meta-Analysis of Training Studies

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Palmer

et al. 2018

Safety

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A PC-based training program (Road Awareness and Perception Training or RAPT; Pradhan et al., 2009), proven effective for improving young novice drivers' hazard anticipation skills, did not fully maximize the hazard anticipation performance of young drivers despite the use of similar anticipation scenarios in both, the training and the evaluation drives. The current driving simulator experiment examined the additive effects of expert eye movement videos following RAPT training on young drivers' hazard anticipation performance compared to video-only and RAPT-only conditions. The study employed a between-subject design in which 36 young participants (aged 18-21) were equally and randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions, were outfitted with an eye tracker and drove four unique scenarios on a driving simulator to evaluate the effect of treatment on their anticipation skills. The results indicate that the young participants that viewed the videos of expert eye movements following the completion of RAPT showed significant improvements in their hazard anticipation ability (85%) on the subsequent experimental evaluation drives compared to those young drivers who were only exposed to either the RAPT training (61%) or the Video (43%). The results further imply that videos of expert eye movements shown immediately after RAPT training may improve the drivers' anticipation skills by helping them map and integrate the spatial and tactical knowledge gained in a training program within dynamic driving environments involving latent hazards.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Gaze-Based Training Intervention on Latent Hazard Anticipation Skills for Young Drivers: A Driving Simulator Study

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Palmer

et al. 2018

Safety

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“…Two independent (double blind) raters coded whether participants correctly looked at the target zone while driving through the launch zone, which was predetermined for each scenario. This protocol has been used in previous hazard anticipation evaluations (Unverricht et al, 2018) The parameters of each launch zone were discussed prior to coding. Videos that had been previously coded in Yamani et al (2018) were re-coded by the raters to ensure consistency.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Newly licensed young drivers (in the 16-17 age range) are most at risk of failing to recognize hidden hazards out of all age groups, but young drivers (19-29 years old) are still significantly worse at recognizing latent hazards than older adults (60-75 years old) (Pradhan et al, 2005). Many training programs geared towards young novice drivers have focused on addressing hazard anticipation errors via a variety of modalities, such as expert narration, computer-based trainings and desktop-simulator programs, which have demonstrated both short-term and long-term success in improving hazard anticipation behavior (Unverricht, Samuel & Yamani, 2018;McDonald, Goodwin, Pradhan, Romoser, & Williams, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the demonstrated ability of RAPT and its variants to substantially improve the hazard anticipation behavior of young novice drivers, the anticipation performance of novice drivers does not approach that of experienced drivers (Unverricht et al, 2018). One potential way to further improve on RAPT may be to demonstrate to novice drivers how experienced drivers scan a dynamic driving scenario.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Inaccurate Gaze Behavior on Young Drivers’ Hazard Anticipation

Yahoodik

Hatfield

Proceedings of the 10th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design: Dri

et al. 2019

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A previous study demonstrated that the administration of expert eye movement videos following hazard anticipation training can improve the proportion of latent hazards anticipated by young drivers compared to control conditions. The current driving simulator study sought to examine whether the improvements observed in the previous study were merely due to drivers' exposure to videos of the simulated driving scenarios with expert eye movement overlays immediately prior to evaluation, or whether modeling the accuracy of eye movement behavior can lead participants to internalize hazard anticipation skills more effectively. In a between-subject design, 36 drivers (18-21 years) were assigned to one of three experimental conditions -training only, training plus expert eye movements or training plus novice eye movements. All participants navigated four unique driving scenarios, each with their eye movements tracked and recorded. Analyses of the eye movement data showed that young drivers who saw the expert eye movement (accurate) videos immediately following training anticipated a substantially greater proportion of latent hazards compared to the young drivers that saw novice eye movement (inaccurate) videos following training. The data provide some evidence that drivers were able to successfully map and incorporate correct hazard anticipation glance behavior into their mental models. The findings present some implications for the design and evaluation of eye movement-based training interventions.

“…The Risk Awareness and Perception Training (RAPT) is one such training and has been shown to improve latent hazard anticipation skills in young drivers, evaluated both in driving simulators and on the road (Fisher et al, 2007). Latent hazard anticipation is usually measured by the proportion of latent hazards that were visually fixated on by the driver when going through the road environment (Unverricht et al, 2018). The benefits of RAPT can persist up to six months after initial training, demonstrating the retention of latent hazard anticipation skills (Taylor et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attentional Control in Young Drivers: Does Training Impact Hazard Anticipation in Dynamic Environments?

Yahoodik

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

2020

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The interaction between top-down and bottom-up processing is a way to characterize control of visual attention, but it has not been extensively applied to the driving domain. The Risk Awareness and Perception Training (RAPT) has been effective in improving drivers’ latent hazard anticipation, a top-down process. However, it is unclear whether RAPT protects drivers from being distracted by salient items on the roadway, diminishing latent hazard anticipation. The current driving simulator study examines the potential interaction between bottom-up and top-down processes by having RAPT-and Placebo-trained drivers navigate simulated environments with latent hazards and a stationary or dynamically moving pedestrian. While RAPT-trained drivers were better able to anticipate latent hazards than Placebo-trained drivers, presence of salient, bottom-up stimuli did not negatively impact hazard anticipation performance in either group. This implies RAPT-trained drivers were able to successfully divide their attention, anticipating latent hazards even in the presence of dynamic, driving-relevant objects.