Lateral striatal cholinergic mechanisms involved in oral motor activities in the rat

Abstract

These experiments were undertaken to determine if local injection of pilocarpine in the neostriatum of the rat produces oral motor activities that are similar to those produced by systemic administration. In the first experiment, IP administration of 2.0-8.0 mg/kg pilocarpine increased chewing movements and tongue protrusions. In the second experiment, chronic guide cannulae were implanted bilaterally in ventromedial or ventrolateral striatum, and rats were injected with saline, 30, and 60 micrograms pilocarpine (per side). A dose-related increase in vacuous chewing was induced by injections of pilocarpine in the ventrolateral but not the ventromedial striatum. Tongue protrusions were induced by injections of pilocarpine into the ventromedial and the ventrolateral striatum. A third experiment demonstrated that this response was blocked completely by 10 micrograms scopolamine co-administered via the same cannulae, but the response was not reduced significantly by 10 micrograms haloperidol. These results indicate that ventrolateral striatal cholinergic mechanisms are involved in oral motor activities in the rat. This syndrome may provide a model for human clinical phenomena such as parkinsonian tremor.

Injections of the selective adenosine A2A antagonist MSX-3 into the nucleus accumbens core attenuate the locomotor suppression induced by haloperidol in rats

“…VLS DA depletions have been shown to impair skilled use of the forepaws for functions such as reaching, grasping, feeding, food handling and lever pressing [19,20,39,65,66]. In addition, the VLS is an important region of the neostriatum for the control of oral motor activity [43,62,64,67]. It has been suggested that the lateral striatum of the rat is the homologue of the putamen of primates [67], and anatomical studies have demonstrated that the VLS of the rat receives input from headrelated areas of motor cortex [55].…”

“…It has been suggested that the lateral striatum of the rat is the homologue of the putamen of primates [67], and anatomical studies have demonstrated that the VLS of the rat receives input from headrelated areas of motor cortex [55]. Neurochemical mechanisms in the VLS involving several neurotransmitters, including DA, acetylcholine, and adenosine, have been implicated in tremulous jaw movements [21,26,39,54,64,67,74]. These movements, which are induced by DA antagonists, DA depletions, and cholinomimetics, have been used as a rodent model of parkinsonian tremor [14,37,67,69].…”

“…These movements, which are induced by DA antagonists, DA depletions, and cholinomimetics, have been used as a rodent model of parkinsonian tremor [14,37,67,69]. Recently, it was demonstrated that the jaw movements induced by the anticholinesterase tacrine could be reversed by infusions of an adenosine A 2A antagonist directly into the VLS [64]. Thus, despite the fact that the VLS has been implicated in several aspects of motor function and dysfunction, including skilled control of the forepaws and oral tremor, the present results indicate that the stimulation of locomotion by an adenosine A 2A antagonist in animals with impaired DA transmission is related to actions on the nucleus accumbens, particularly the core subregion, but not to actions on the VLS.…”

Roles of .Mu.-Opioid Receptors in Development of Tolerance to Diisopropylfluorophosphate (Dfp)

“…Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test. (* p < 0.05 was compared with the saline-treated wild type mice; # p < 0.05 was compared with the saline-treated µ-opioid receptor knockout mice) chewing movements (Kelley et al, 1989;Salamone et al, 1990). The nucleus accumbens of the ventral striatum is involved in motivational behavior such as reinforcement-related incentive learning (Robbins and Everitt, 1996;Kelley, 1999), while the nonlimbic dorsal striatum (caudate-putamen) is primarily involved in somatomotor functioning (Alexander and Crutcher, 1990;Graybiel et al, 1994).…”

Modeling Tardive Dyskinesia: Predictive 5-HT2C Receptor Antagonist Treatment

“…Cholinergic (Rupniak et al 1983(Rupniak et al , 1985Salamone et al 1990), g-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic (Mithani et al 1987;Tamminga et al 1979;Lloyd et al 1985;Gunne et al 1988), and serotoninergic systems appeared to also be involved in the production of orofacial dyskinesia. Nevertheless, DA systems were still recognized as crucial in the development of TD.…”