Using quantum mechanics (QM, Density Functional Theory) we show that all four phases of barium titanate (BaTiO 3) have local Ti distortions toward ͗111͘ (an octahedral face). The stable rhombohedral phase has all distortions in phase (ferroelectric, FE), whereas higher temperature phases have antiferroelectric coupling (AFE) in one, two, or three dimensions (orthorhombic, tetragonal, cubic). This FE-AFE model from QM explains such puzzling aspects of these systems as the allowed Raman excitation observed for the cubic phase, the distortions toward ͗111͘ observed in the cubic phase using x-ray fine structure, the small transition entropies, the heavily damped soft phonon modes, and the strong diffuse x-ray scattering in all but the rhombohedral phase. In addition, we expect to see additional weak Bragg peaks at the face centers of the reciprocal lattice for the cubic phase. Similar FE-AFE descriptions are expected to occur for other FE materials. Accounting for this FE-AFE nature of these phases is expected to be important in accurately simulating the domain wall structures, energetics, and dynamics, which in turn may lead to the design of improved materials.barium titanate ͉ phase transition F erroelectric (FE) materials have broad applications in transducers, actuators, capacitors, and memories. Particularly well studied is BaTiO 3 , which has rhombohedral (R), orthorhombic (O), tetragonal (T), and cubic (C) phases. However, the microscopic nature of the phases and transitions in BaTiO 3 remains uncertain. A popular model in history is the displacive model (1, 2), in which the equilibrium position of each Ti atom is in the middle of the oxygen octahedron for C, but displaced microscopically in the ͗111͘, ͗011͘, or ͗001͘ macroscopic polarization directions for the R, O, and T ferroelectric phases, respectively. However, this displacive model Y Predicts that first-order Raman excitation should vanish in the cubic phase due to the microscopic inversion symmetry, contradicting experiments (3). Y Contradicts the x-ray fine structure (XAFS) experiments (4) that show that the Ti atoms are displaced along various of the eight possible ͗111͘ directions in all phases. Y Does not explain the heavily damped but nonzero frequency for the soft modes at the C to T transition observed by infrared reflectivity (IR) experiments (5). Y Does not explain the strong diffuse x-ray scattering observed in all but the rhombohedral phase.To explain these failures of the displacive model, a spontaneous symmetry breaking has been hypothesized to occur in these systems (6). Thus Berserker (7), Comes et al. (8) and Chaves et al. (9) introduced the order-disorder eight-site model (8OD), in which all Ti atoms are microscopically located in one of eight potential minima along the ͗111͘ directions for all crystal phases. As in the displacive model, 8OD assumes that the low temperature R phase has all Ti atoms distorted in the same direction. As temperature increases, 8OD assumes disorder in the polarization along one or more crystal directions...