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Enhancement of polarization and related properties in heteroepitaxially constrained thin films of the ferroelectromagnet, BiFeO3, is reported. Structure analysis indicates that the crystal structure of film is monoclinic in contrast to bulk, which is rhombohedral. The films display a room-temperature spontaneous polarization (50 to 60 microcoulombs per square centimeter) almost an order of magnitude higher than that of the bulk (6.1 microcoulombs per square centimeter). The observed enhancement is corroborated by first-principles calculations and found to originate from a high sensitivity of the polarization to small changes in lattice parameters. The films also exhibit enhanced thickness-dependent magnetism compared with the bulk. These enhanced and combined functional responses in thin film form present an opportunity to create and implement thin film devices that actively couple the magnetic and ferroelectric order parameters.

Graphene has emerged as an exciting material because of the novel properties associated with its two-dimensional structure. [1,2] Single-layer graphene is a one-atom thick sheet of carbon atoms densely packed into a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. It is the mother of all graphitic forms of carbon, including zero-dimensional fullerenes and one-dimensional carbon nanotubes.[1] The remarkable feature of graphene is that it is a Dirac solid, with the electron energy being linearly dependent on the wave vector near the vertices of the hexagonal Brillouin zone. It exhibits a room-temperature fractional quantum Hall effect [3] and an ambipolar electric field effect along with ballistic conduction of charge carriers.[4] It has been reported recently that a top-gated single-layer graphene transistor is able to reach electron-or hole-doping levels of upto 5 Â 10 13 cm À2 . The doping effects are ideally monitored by Raman spectroscopy. [5][6][7][8][9][10] Thus, the G-band in the Raman spectrum stiffens for both electron-and hole-doping, and the ratio of the intensities of the 2D-and G-band varies sensitively with doping. Doping graphene through molecular charge-transfer caused by electron-donor and -acceptor molecules also gives rise to significant changes in the electronic structure of graphenes composed of a few layers, as evidenced by changes in the Raman and photoelectron spectra. [6,7] Charge-transfer by donor and acceptor molecules soften and stiffen the G-band, respectively. The difference between electrochemical doping and doping through molecular charge-transfer is noteworthy. It is of fundamental interest to investigate how these effects compare with the effects of doping graphene by substitution with boron and nitrogen and to understand dopant-induced perturbations of the properties of graphene. Secondly, opening the bandgap in graphene is essential for facilitating its applications in electronics, and graphene bilayers [11] are an attractive option for this. With this motivation, we prepared, for the first time, B-and N-doped graphene (BG and NG) bilayer samples by employing different strategies and investigated their structure and properties. We also carried out first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations to understand the effect of substitutional doping on the structure of graphene as well as its electronic and vibrational properties.To prepare BGs and NGs, we exploited our recent result in which it was determined that arc discharge between carbon electrodes in a hydrogen atmosphere yields graphenes (HG) composed of two to three layers.[12] The method makes use of the fact that in the presence of hydrogen, graphene sheets do not readily roll into nanotubes. In the case of BG, we carried out the arc discharge using graphite electrodes in the presence H 2 þ B 2 H 6 (BG1) or using boron-stuffed graphite electrodes (BG2). We prepared NG by carrying out the arc discharge in the presence of H 2 þ pyridine (NG1) or H 2 þ ammonia (NG2). We also performed the transformation of nanodiamond in th...

Most of recent research on layered chalcogenides is understandably focused on single atomic layers. However, it is unclear if single-layer units are the most ideal structures for enhanced gas-solid interactions. To probe this issue further, we have prepared large-area MoS2 sheets ranging from single to multiple layers on 300 nm SiO2/Si substrates using the micromechanical exfoliation method. The thickness and layering of the sheets were identified by optical microscope, invoking recently reported specific optical color contrast, and further confirmed by AFM and Raman spectroscopy. The MoS2 transistors with different thicknesses were assessed for gas-sensing performances with exposure to NO2, NH3, and humidity in different conditions such as gate bias and light irradiation. The results show that, compared to the single-layer counterpart, transistors of few MoS2 layers exhibit excellent sensitivity, recovery, and ability to be manipulated by gate bias and green light. Further, our ab initio DFT calculations on single-layer and bilayer MoS2 show that the charge transfer is the reason for the decrease in resistance in the presence of applied field.

Strong electron-phonon interaction which limits electronic mobility of semiconductors can also have significant effects on phonon frequencies. The latter is the key to the use of Raman spectroscopy for nondestructive characterization of doping in graphene-based devices. Using in-situ Raman scattering from single layer MoS2 electrochemically top-gated field effect transistor (FET), we show softening and broadening of A1g phonon with electron doping whereas the other Raman active E 1 2g mode remains essentially inert. Confirming these results with first-principles density functional theory based calculations, we use group theoretical arguments to explain why A1g mode specifically exhibits a strong sensitivity to electron doping. Our work opens up the use of Raman spectroscopy in probing the level of doping in single layer MoS2-based FETs, which have a high on-off ratio and are of enormous technological significance.PACS numbers: 78.30.-j Discovery of graphene 1 stimulated an intense research activity due to interesting fundamental phenomena it exhibits as well as the techonological promise it holds in a broad range of applications ranging from sensors to nanoelectronics. Vanishing bandgap of a single layer graphene is a sort of a limitation in developing a graphene-based field effect transistor with a high on/off ratio. This has spurred efforts to modify graphene to open up a gap and towards development of other two dimensional materials like MoS 2 , WS 2 and boron nitride (BN), both experimentally and theoretically. Avenues to open up gap through modification of graphene include quantum confinement in nanoribbons 2 , surface functionalization 3 , applying electric field in the bilayer 4,5 , deposition of graphene on other substrates like BN 6,7 , and B or N substitutional doping 8 , which require fine control over the procedure of synthesis.In contast to graphene, single layer MoS 2 consisting of a hexagonal planar lattice of Mo atoms sandwiched between two similar lattices of S atoms (S-Mo-S structure) with intralayer covalent bonding is a semiconductor with a direct band gap of ∼ 1.8 eV, and is quite promising for FET devices with a high on-off ratio. It has been shown that the luminescence quantum yield of monolayer MoS 2 is higher than its bulk counterpart 9,10 .Recently a monolayer MoS 2 transistor 11 has been shown to exhibit an on-off ratio of ∼10 8 and electron mobility of ∼200 cm 2 /V-sec. These values are comparable to silicon based devices and make MoS 2 based devices worth exploring further. It is known that in a field effect transistor, carrier mobility is limited by scattering from phonons and the maximum current is controlled by hot phonons. Both these issues in a FET depend on the electron-phonon coupling (EPC). Raman spectroscopy has been very effective to probe EPC for single 12-14 and bilayer graphene 15-17 transistors by investigating the renormalization of the G and 2D modes as a function of carrier density.Recent layer-dependent Raman studies of single and few layers of MoS 2 18 have shown th...