“…Sgard (2006), Coyle, Musacchio, and Turner (2019), and Acheson, Campbell, and Turner (2019) show that the English financial market took off and achieved a high level of development in the 18th and 19th centuries without formal shareholder protection, against the argument that common law was better suited for creditors'right and spurred financial development. Lamoreaux and Rosenthal (2005), Sgard (2006), Musacchio and Turner (2013), Coyle, Musacchio, and Turner (2019), and Acheson, Campbell, and Turner (2019) demonstrate that countries with civil law could in fact had greater flexibility in business laws and forms of corporations than countries with common law. Focusing on bond markets and creditor protections, Musacchio (2008) showed large variations over time in bond market size, creditor protections, and court enforcement of bond contracts, within the same legal system; too large to support a direct causal link between a legal system and future financial development.…”