Laws of 4D Printing

Momeni, Farhang; Ni, Jun

doi:10.1016/j.eng.2020.01.015

Cited by 56 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…As the Figure 5 suggests, 4D printing can be envisioned as an advanced printing method where a 3D printed structure alters itself (as shown in Figure 5 with light activation) into a different object with the effect of external energy input, such as heat, light or other available environmental stimuli [49][50][51][52]. Four-dimensional printing is programmed to alter a 3D printed structure, in terms of its shape, property, and functionality [53][54][55][56][57][58]. It is endowed with properties, such as self-assembly, self-repairability, and multifunctionality.…”

Section: Four-dimensional Printing (4dp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Smart Materials by Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Review

Mondal

Tripathy

2021

Materials

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Over the last few decades, advanced manufacturing and additive printing technologies have made incredible inroads into the fields of engineering, transportation, and healthcare. Among additive manufacturing technologies, 3D printing is gradually emerging as a powerful technique owing to a combination of attractive features, such as fast prototyping, fabrication of complex designs/structures, minimization of waste generation, and easy mass customization. Of late, 4D printing has also been initiated, which is the sophisticated version of the 3D printing. It has an extra advantageous feature: retaining shape memory and being able to provide instructions to the printed parts on how to move or adapt under some environmental conditions, such as, water, wind, light, temperature, or other environmental stimuli. This advanced printing utilizes the response of smart manufactured materials, which offer the capability of changing shapes postproduction over application of any forms of energy. The potential application of 4D printing in the biomedical field is huge. Here, the technology could be applied to tissue engineering, medicine, and configuration of smart biomedical devices. Various characteristics of next generation additive printings, namely 3D and 4D printings, and their use in enhancing the manufacturing domain, their development, and some of the applications have been discussed. Special materials with piezoelectric properties and shape-changing characteristics have also been discussed in comparison with conventional material options for additive printing.

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Section: Four-dimensional Printing (4dp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Smart Materials by Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Review

Mondal

Tripathy

2021

Materials

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“…The thermal expansion and contraction of 4DP materials (having the properties of piezoelectric, electrostrictive, magnetostrictive, and photostrictive materials) can be expressed through the strain eqn (23) . 2 ε thermal = α Δ T In eqn (23) , the symbols ‘ α ’ and ‘Δ T ’ were used to represent the coefficient of thermal expansion and the change in temperature, respectively. The 4DP materials were modeled using the initial force function, f̄ (S) , which was in terms of the stimulus, S .…”

Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These intelligent materials were modeled using a bi-exponential mathematical model to predict their fourth dimension. 2 Several methods have been introduced for the printing of such smart materials such as laser-assisted bioprinting, 3 fused deposition modeling, and other methods common to the 3D printing of CAD models. 1 The materials for such bio-inspired structures are selected on the basis of their responses to environmental and temporal stimuli.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An insight into biomimetic 4D printing

et al. 2019

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“…Three-dimensional (3D) printing as an additive manufacturing (AM) method is highly preferred due to the recyclability it allows, which enhances system sustainability [6]. The application of the 3D printing method to acquire stimuli-responsive spatial deformation in a programmed manner has been classified as a 4D printing manufacturing paradigm [7,8]. Four-dimensional (4D)-printed components hold a promising method for advancing interactive architecture components by exploiting surrounding environment parametersrenewable energy resources-as stimuli for motion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Implementing 4D polymeric material programming in architecture can enable building interactive system components, which can be achieved in six steps: system motion design, identifying the required angle of bending that corresponds with the solar radiation penetration, system component identification, allocation of active components within the system and programming the polymers by 3D printing. Four-dimensional (4D) printing manufacturing parameters are identified as final desired shape, material properties, stimulus and material structure through printing paths [8]. Material structure by bi-/multilayered 3D-printed multi-material composites is classified as an established method for attaining a 3D stimuli-responsive structural form from 2D structures [9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mono–Material 4D Printing of Digital Shape–Memory Components

2021

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Dynamic shading systems in buildings help reduce solar gain. Actuated systems, which depend on renewable energy with reduced mechanical parts, further reduce building energy consumption compared to traditional interactive systems. This paper investigates stimuli-responsive polymer application in architectural products for sustainable energy consumption, complying with sustainable development goals (SDGs). The proposed research method posits that, by varying the infill percentage in a pre-determined manner inside a 3D-printed mono-material component, directionally controlled shape change can be detected due to thermal stimuli application. Thus, motion behavior can be engineered into a material. In this study, PLA+, PETG, TPU and PA 6 printed components are investigated under a thermal cycle test to identify a thermally responsive shape-memory polymer candidate that actuates within the built environment temperature range. A differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test is carried out on TPU 95A and PA 6 to interpret the material shape response in terms of transitional temperatures. All materials tested show an anisotropic shape-change reaction in a pre-programmed manner, complying with the behavior engineered into the matter. Four-dimensional (4D)-printed PA6 shows shape-shifting behavior and total recovery to initial position within the built environment temperature range.

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Laws of 4D Printing

Cited by 56 publications

References 104 publications

Preparation of Smart Materials by Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Review

Preparation of Smart Materials by Additive Manufacturing Technologies: A Review

An insight into biomimetic 4D printing

Mono–Material 4D Printing of Digital Shape–Memory Components

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