Lawsonia intracellularis and Porcine Circovirus type-2 infection in Estonia

Järveots, Tõnu; Saar, T.; Põdersoo, D; Boudinot, Sirje Rüütel; Sütt, Silva; Tummeleht, Lea; Suuroja, Toivo; Lindjärv, Raivo

doi:10.1515/pjvs-2016-0036

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Upon comparing the available literature, it has been observed that the percentage of L. intracellularis -positive samples by IHC in this particular caseload (57%) is substantially higher than the rates reported in similar field investigations in Denmark (18%) [ 2 ], or in Estonia (22%) [ 9 ]. This discrepancy could be attributed to the criteria used in this investigation to select farms exhibiting anamnesis indicative of L. intracellularis, which may have influenced the outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…These changes can result in potential dysmicrobism and an increased likelihood of co-infections. The most commonly reported co-infections are between PCV2 and Salmonella , Brachyspira spp., and/or L. intracellularis [ 2 , 9 , 10 , 23 ]. Additionally, PCV2 should be considered a primary intestinal pathogen in swine, associated with macroscopic features of necrotic enteritis [ 2 , 10 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The association between PCV2 and L. intracellularis in the development of enteric diseases in swine has been established through field investigations conducted in Denmark [ 2 ] and in Estonia [ 9 ]. Furthermore, PCV2 and L. intracellularis have been used experimentally to induce PCV-2 associated enteritis in swine [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Porcine Lawsonia intracellularis Ileitis in Italy and Its Association with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Infection

D’Annunzio

Ostanello

Muscatello

et al. 2023

Animals

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The objective of this study was to employ a diagnostic algorithm, which involves detecting positive farms by stool PCR followed by PCR and histology/immunohistochemistry on ileum samples, for diagnosing Lawsonia intracellularis proliferative enteritis in Northern Italy. The primary aim was to examine the relationship between the gold standard of L. intracellularis diagnostics, namely histology and immunohistochemistry, and PCR in acute and chronic cases of L. intracellularis enteritides. An additional goal was to investigate the coinfection of L. intracellularis with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Twenty-eight ileum samples, including four from acute cases and 24 from chronic cases, were collected. PCR yielded positive results in 19 cases (four acute and 15 chronic cases). In comparison, immunohistochemistry was positive in 16 cases (four acute and 12 chronic cases), with an observed agreement of 89%. The findings suggest that performing the two tests in series can increase the specificity of the causal diagnosis. PCR may be used as a screening tool to identify the presence of the microorganism, and only positive cases will be examined by histology and immunohistochemistry to confirm the causative role of L. intracellularis. Co-infection with PCV2 was demonstrate in two out of four acute cases and in two out of 24 chronic cases, providing further evidence to support the hypothesis that when the infection starts with ubiquitous pathogens such as L. intracellularis, it may boost the possibility of PCV2 replication, especially in acute cases. As a result, this may trigger a transition from subclinical to clinical forms of PCV2 disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Porcine Lawsonia intracellularis Ileitis in Italy and Its Association with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Infection

D’Annunzio

Ostanello

Muscatello

et al. 2023

Animals

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“…Several studies have examined the outcome of concurrent infections with PCV2 and other pathogens, focusing on the induction of PCVAD, the immunosuppressive role of PCV2 and/or factors that facilitate PCV2 replication ( 10 , 11 , 13 , 16 , 27 , 28 ). In the present study, pigs of high sanitary status were initially exposed to PCV2 and subsequently to a combined L. intracellularis /PCV2 inoculum mirroring the situation often seen under field conditions ( 29 – 31 ). Similar to a previous study on concurrent inoculation of PCV2 and L. intracellularis ( 13 ), our study showed that prior exposure to PCV2 had no significant impact on the pathological responses to a subsequent combined L. intracellularis /PCV2 inoculation two weeks later.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Experimental infection of high health pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Lawsonia intracellularis

Hansen

Jensen²,

Hjulsager³

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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BackgroundPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Lawsonia intracellularis infections can cause enteritis in pigs. A Danish study showed a significantly higher probability of detecting PCV2 without concurrent L. intracellularis infection, indicating that one of these pathogens has an impact on the dynamics of the other. Therefore, a delayed co-infection model was set up, initially aiming at investigating the interaction between PCV2 and L. intracellularis in pigs challenged with PCV2 and 2 weeks later with L. intracellularis. But due to PCV2 contamination of the L. intracellularis inoculum the aim was revisited to describing the infection dynamics and pathogenesis of pigs infected with PCV2 followed by delayed simultaneous exposure to PCV2 and L. intracellularis. Twenty-four high-health piglets were divided into three groups of eight pigs (A, B, C) and inoculated at experimental day (EXD) 0 with mock (groups A and B) or PCV2 (group C), and at EXD 14 with mock (group A) or L. intracellularis/PCV2 (groups B and C). The pigs underwent daily clinical examination, and were necropsied at EXD 51–52. Furthermore, histology, immunohistochemistry, serology and PCR for PCV2 and L. intracellularis, and measurement of C-reactive protein were carried out.ResultsGroup A remained negative for PCV2 and L. intracellularis. Following inoculation with L. intracellularis/PCV2, no significant differences were observed between group B and C, however pigs already infected with PCV2 (group C) showed milder clinical signs and exhibited milder intestinal lesions, less shedding of L. intracellularis and developed higher L. intracellularis antibody titers than the pigs in group B that only received the combined infection. Though the differences between group B and C were non-significant, all results pointed in the same direction, indicating that the pigs in group B were more affected by the L. intracellularis infection compared to the pigs in group C.ConclusionsPrevious exposure to PCV2 had limited impact on the subsequent exposure to a combined L. intracellularis/PCV2 inoculation. However, there was a tendency that the infection dynamics of PCV2 and development of antibodies to PCV2 and L. intracellularis were altered in pigs previously exposed to PCV2. These differences should be confirmed in further experimental trials.

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“…Infection with virulent PCV2 causes immune suppression in the host animal, which may result in secondary infection with bacteria and/or viruses into the pig population [ 37 , 38 ]. For example, PCV2b infection resulted in pigs becoming susceptible to secondary infection with Lawsonia intracellularis with many pigs showing emaciation, which may be caused by porcine proliferative enteritis [ 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NOD2 Genotypes Affect the Symptoms and Mortality in the Porcine Circovirus 2-Spreading Pig Population

Suzuki

Shinkai

Yoshioka

et al. 2021

Genes

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The nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that detects components of peptidoglycans from bacterial cell walls. NOD2 regulates bowel microorganisms, provides resistance against infections such as diarrhea, and reduces the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases in humans and mice. We previously demonstrated that a specific porcine NOD2 polymorphism (NOD2-2197A > C) augments the recognition of peptidoglycan components. In this study, the relationships between porcine NOD2-2197A/C genotypes affecting molecular functions and symptoms in a porcine circovirus 2b (PCV2b)-spreading Duroc pig population were investigated. The NOD2 allele (NOD2-2197A) with reduced recognition of the peptidoglycan components augmented the mortality of pigs at the growing stage in the PCV2b-spreading population. Comparison of NOD2 allele frequencies in the piglets before and after invasion of PCV2b indicated that the ratio of NOD2-2197A decreased in the population after the PCV2b epidemic. This data indicated that functional differences caused by NOD2-2197 polymorphisms have a marked impact on pig health and livestock productivity. We suggest that NOD2-2197CC is a PCV2 disease resistant polymorphism, which is useful for selective breeding by reducing mortality and increasing productivity.

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Lawsonia intracellularis and Porcine Circovirus type-2 infection in Estonia

Cited by 5 publications

References 27 publications

Porcine Lawsonia intracellularis Ileitis in Italy and Its Association with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Infection

Porcine Lawsonia intracellularis Ileitis in Italy and Its Association with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Infection

Experimental infection of high health pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Lawsonia intracellularis

NOD2 Genotypes Affect the Symptoms and Mortality in the Porcine Circovirus 2-Spreading Pig Population

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