LC–MS-based chemotaxonomic classification of wild-type Lespedeza sp. and its correlation with genotype

Abstract

In this study, 39 specimens belonging to Lespedeza species (Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, L. bicolor, L. maximowiczii, and Lespedeza cuneata) (Leguminosae) were classified phenotypically and genotypically. We constructed a phylogenetic tree based on the combined nrDNA (internal transcribed spacer; ITS) and cpDNA (trnL-trnF) sequences with the aim of classifying the genotypes. Samples were mainly divided into three genotypes. Samples of L. cyrtobotrya and L. bicolor were mixed in a single branch, whereas samples of L. maximowiczii and L. cuneata were clustered within species, respectively. We performed a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling analysis to classify the phenotypes. Multivariate statistical analyses such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were used for the clustering pattern analysis and distance analysis between species, respectively. According to the PCA and HCA results, leaves were classified into four phenotypes according to species. In both the genetic and chemotaxonomic classification methods, the distance between L. cyrtobotrya and L. bicolor was the closest between species, and L. cuneata was the farthest away from the other three species. Additionally, orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis was employed to identify significantly different phytochemicals between species. We classified L. cyrtobotrya and L. bicolor by identifying significantly different phytochemicals. Interestingly, leaves and stems showed different phenotypic classifications based on the chemotaxonomic classification. Stem samples of the other three species were mixed regardless of species, whereas L. cyrtobotrya stem samples were clustered within species. The phenotypic classification of leaves coincided more with the genotypic classification than that of stems. Key message We classified four wild-type Lespedeza sp. by analyzing the combined nrDNA (ITS) and cpDNA (trnL-trnF) sequences. We also classified leaves and stems of Lespedeza sp. by applying liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy-based metabolite profiling.

Chemotaxonomic Metabolite Profiling of 62 Indigenous Plant Species and Its Correlation with Bioactivities

“…Including eight non-identified metabolites, relative amounts of the 24 metabolites among the six families are shown in doughnut charts ( Figure S2) and the box and whisker plots (Figure 2). Quinic acid (1), gallic acid (2), quercetin-3-O-arabinoside (4), quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (7), kaempferol derivatives (8), isorhamnetin (10), digalloyl hexoside (11), kaempferol-7-O-rutinoside (13), quercetin (14), patuletin (16), kaempferol (17), and non-identified (N.I.) metabolites (12, 18-20, 23-24) were at high concentrations in Aceraceae, Betulaceae, and Fagaceae, whereas 6-hydroxykaempferol-O-galloylhexoside (3), dicaffeoylquinic acid (6), catechin (9), genistein (15), and N.I.…”

“…Quinic acid (1), 6-hydroxykaempferol-O-galloylhexoside (3), quercetin-3-O-arabinoside (4), quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (5), kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (7), kaempferol derivative (8), kaempferol-7-O-rutinoside (13), quercetin (14), kaempferol (17), N.I. 4 (20), and quercetin-O-pentoside (25) were positively correlated with antioxidant activity (0.02 < r < 0.47) and tyrosinase inhibition activity (0.10 < r < 0.67).…”

“…Among the various plant taxonomic methods, chemotaxonomy, a method based on differences in chemical compounds, is a useful tool for classification of plant species. Chemotaxonomic plant classification has been used to classify plant species according to their phylogenetic genus [17].…”

Targeted metabolomics for Aspergillus oryzae-mediated biotransformation of soybean isoflavones, showing variations in primary metabolites

“…Metabolomics is defined as the study of all small molecules, such as metabolites, within food, plants, cells, and organs. 12,13) For example, metabolite profiling has been applied to food quality control, toxicology, and medical diagnosis. 14) In the field of food sciences, it was initially used to assess food quality and food adulteration and to characterize food components.…”

Desmodianone H and uncinanone B, potential tyrosinase inhibitors obtained from Lespedeza maximowiczii by using bioactivity-guided isolation

“…[10][11][12] In our continuing research, we classified L. maximowiczii by significantly different phytochemicals between four species (L. cyrtobotrya, L. bicolor, L. cuneata, and L. maximowiczii), and L. maximowiczii showed the highest activity than other species (data not shown). 13) Herein, we report the isolation, structure elucidation, and tyrosinase inhibition activity of a new compound, desmodianone H (1), and a known compound, uncinanone B (2), from L. maximowiczii.…”