LDL-C/HDL-C and carotid plaques in patients with coronary heart disease: A Chinese cohort study

Abstract

Background: Evidence of the association the low-/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (LDL-C/HDL-C) with the carotid plaques remains limited. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between LDL-C/HDL-C and carotid plaques of coronary heart disease (CHD), and to study what extent a healthy lifestyle reduces the risk of carotid plaques.Methods: In this large-scale and multi-center retrospective study, a total of 9,426 participants to explore the association between LDL-C/HDL-C and carotid plaques. No smoking and no drinking were considered healthy lifestyle. Generalised estimating equation models and conditional logistic regressions were used in statistical analyses.Results: In all the 9,426 participants, there were 6,989 (74.15%) patients having identified carotid plaques. High levels of LDL-C/HDL-C had a higher risk of carotid plaques than other lipid variables (OR:1.63; 95%CI:1.43-1.86). In stratified analyses by LDL-C/HDL-C triplet, participants in the LDL-C/HDL-C (＞3mmol/L) group had a higher risk of carotid plaques compared to other two groups. Compared with the unfavourable lifestyle, intermediate lifestyle or favourable lifestyle was associated with a significant 30% or 67% decrease in carotid plaques risk among patients with the LDL-C/HDL-C(＞3mmol/L) respectively. There were significantly additive and multiplicative interactions between lifestyle and LDL-C/HDL-C on carotid plaques.Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence that a high level of LDL-C/HDL-C can increase the risk of carotid plaques in patients with CHD. And adhering to a healthy lifestyle has additive beneficial effects on reducing the risk of carotid plaques.

Efficiency of Catalytic Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment for Conversion of Corn Stover to Bioethanol

“…29 Crystallinity of the pretreated CS is an important property that has been shown to affect enzymatic hydrolysis. 30 X-ray diffraction (XRD) is one method capable of determining relative changes in cellulose crystallinity. 31 In this study, the features of pretreated CS under the optimal condition were compared with native CS, as shown in Figure 4.…”

“…The change in the crystal structure is often accompanied by variation in the surface area, which could further affect the cellulose accessibility. 30 In this work, the surface area, pore volume, and pore size of native CS and pretreated CS were determined. According to the results (Table 4), the surface area of pretreated CS increased from 0.72 to 14.3 m 2 /g, which was equivalent to 19.86 times the native CS.…”