Le gouvernement à crédit. Tâtonnements des gouvernants, aveuglement des gouvernés ?

Abstract

Cet article s’interroge sur la réalité et la portée du développement de formes de contrôle à distance, étant entendu que les gouvernements des territoires sont effectivement en profonde transformation. En s’appuyant sur l’étude de dispositifs promus depuis le milieu des années 2000 dans différents domaines d’action publique, il avance que ce mode de gouvernement repose sur le crédit que les acteurs lui apportent et leur cécité sur la difficulté qu’éprouve désormais l’État à réunir des financements assez conséquents et précis pour avoir une action réelle sur les territoires. Peut-on à ce titre parler de « pilotage » alors que, à force de chercher à s’affirmer par rapport à leurs services déconcentrés, les acteurs administratifs centraux se sont condamnés à des stratégies dont les modalités pratiques sont bricolées et les objectifs reconstruits rétrospectivement ?

Effect of the addition of different types of oenological commercial tannins on phenolic and sensorial red wine characteristics evolution

“…Regarding to non-flavonoid phenols evolution it was not possible to detected a clear influence of the use of different oenological tannins. Our results are consistent with previous reports [2,3,14]. However, according to Canuti et al [3], timing of oenological tannins addition and grape characteristics had a significant effect on phenolic parameters results.…”

“…Wines codes legend see Table 1; (2) values expressed as gallic acid equivalents; (3) values expressed as malvidin-3-monoglucoside equivalents; data points derived for each aging day and phenolic parameter showing the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey, p < 0.05); ± standard deviation. was particularly detected after 20 aging days, especially in wines with oenological tannins containing condensed tannins (TPA and TPB wines) and one of the hydrolyzable tannin used (TEB wine).…”

“…However, while many winemakers have practical experience with commercial oenological tannins addition and tannin suppliers report color enhancement, oxidative protection, flavor and mouthfeel improvements as a consequence of addition of oenological tannins, there are several experimental works that reported contradictory results about the potential benefits of these products. Thus, some authors [2,3,5] reported several evidences of the benefits to wine color from tannin preparations added during red wine vinification and aging while other authors [6,7] reported that they may not always improve the wine characteristics or has a little effect. In addition, it is important to note that the majority of the studies analyze the addition of oenological tannins during the prefermentation and not after the malolactic fermentation and also don't make an evaluation of the wine during a long aging period.…”

“…According to several authors [2][3][4], there are numerous positive effects by the use of oenological tannins, namely in wine color stabilization, wine structure a e-mail: antoniojordao@esav.ipv.pt improvement, laccase activity, and elimination of reductive odors. However, while many winemakers have practical experience with commercial oenological tannins addition and tannin suppliers report color enhancement, oxidative protection, flavor and mouthfeel improvements as a consequence of addition of oenological tannins, there are several experimental works that reported contradictory results about the potential benefits of these products.…”

The European Investor State has no clothes. Generic promises and local weaknesses of green public subsidies in France

“…In France, we observe similar transformations, for example, in local development policies. Following the decentralization laws of the 2000/2010s, 7 characterized by a transfer of competencies to local authorities and increased fiscal discipline on local budgets (Le Lidec, 2020), 8 the central government increasingly used subsidies for local investment to remotely guide and control “from a distance” territorial and planning policies (Crespy and Simoulin, 2016; Dupuy and Pollard, 2014; Epstein, 2015). To qualify for these limited and competitive grants, local authorities must adhere to state requirements, even if they diverge from their own debates and priorities (Bernt, 2009; Breton, 2014).…”