Leaching and separation of Co and Mn from electrode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries using hydrochloric acid: Laboratory and pilot scale study

Barik, S.P.; Prabaharan, G.; Kumar, Lakshya

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.095

Cited by 259 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…After lithium precipitation as Li2CO3(s), the spent waste solution is generally composed of sodium chloride. At pilot or larger scale, this salt has to be crystallized to control sodium buildup [74]. Hence, one advantage of chloride leaching over sulfate leaching is the better market opportunity As in the sulfate system, recovery of valuable elements in the chloride system can be precipitated as hydroxides or carbonates [74,169].…”

Section: Chloride Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At pilot or larger scale, this salt has to be crystallized to control sodium buildup [74]. Hence, one advantage of chloride leaching over sulfate leaching is the better market opportunity As in the sulfate system, recovery of valuable elements in the chloride system can be precipitated as hydroxides or carbonates [74,169]. Freitas et al used electrodeposition and electrowinning as refining and extraction steps, respectively, at the end of which metallic cobalt was recovered [162].…”

Section: Chloride Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

et al. 2020

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An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches.

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Section: Chloride Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chloride Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

et al. 2020

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“…Specifically, there is an increasing trend of using lithiumion batteries (LIBs) as electrochemical power sources from mobile phones to electric vehicles (EV) at an alarming rate, which leads to vast amount of waste after the end of lifetime. [11,[29][30][31][32] Thus far, metal recovery process, technologies being used by various companies, and regulations and legislations regarding spent LIBs have been already reviewed more. It is predicted that the amount of disposal of spent LIBs will reach over 11 million tonnes by 2030 worldwide; by contrast, merely efficiency of metals and it can be dissolved using organic solvents like N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethyl acetamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide through dissolution process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It involves acid/base/bioleaching, chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, and electrochemical processes. Some researchers have combined the processes to recover the metals from spent LIBs . Thus far, metal recovery process, technologies being used by various companies, and regulations and legislations regarding spent LIBs have been already reviewed more .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burgeoning Prospects of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Multifarious Applications

Natarajan

Aravindan

2018

Advanced Energy Materials

226

126

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Where sustainability is concerned, recycling of reutilizable wastes will always occupy the apex of the green chemistry research. Handling electronic wastes in a green manner without affecting the ecology and human health is one of the main challenges for material chemists and gains top priority among other fields of research. At present, handling and recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is a key priority. Due to these environmental concerns, massive interest has been triggered in various crystal structures of metal oxides, and different kinds of carbon materials that provide the opportunities to replace the commercial LIBs for energy storage and conversion applications in a cost‐effective manner. Reports are available on the recycling of spent LIBs, but these reports mainly focus on the metal recovery process rather than finding suitable applications for the recovered material. This present work exclusively summarizes the global demand for LIB raw materials, tactics in the resynthesis process along with the wide range of growing applications of spent LIB materials. Finally, the future prospects of applications that utilize spent LIB materials are addressed.

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“…It has been reported that valuable metals such as cobalt and lithium can be leached out from spent LIBs using mineral acids such as H 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , and HCl and various organic acids such as succinic acid, ascorbic acid, and citric acid in the presence of reducing agents such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). [4][5][6][7]9,11,12,14 4 Chen et al used phosphoric acid and H 2 O 2 to research leaching kinetics, and it ts the logarithmic rate kinetics model of cobalt and lithium well. 6 Pagnanelli et al utilized sulfuric acid and glucose to extract 96% of cobalt and 86% of lithium from spent LIBs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium fluoride recovery from cathode material of spent lithium-ion battery

Zheng

Song

et al. 2018

RSC Adv.

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Leaching and separation of Co and Mn from electrode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries using hydrochloric acid: Laboratory and pilot scale study

Cited by 259 publications

References 15 publications

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

Progress and Status of Hydrometallurgical and Direct Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond

Burgeoning Prospects of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Multifarious Applications

Lithium fluoride recovery from cathode material of spent lithium-ion battery

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