Leaching of melamine and cyanuric acid from melamine-based tableware at different temperatures and water-based simulants

Takazawa, Mari; Suzuki, Shigeru; Kannan, Kurunthachalam

doi:10.1016/j.enceco.2020.07.002

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Seasonal variability was observed for melamine, 4-chloroaniline, and 3,4-dichloroaniline. Melamine was higher in summer and fall months, possibly due to greater leaching from melamine-containing products due to higher temperature (Takazawa et al, 2020); we observed similar patterns for the two chloroanilines. We also observed annual trends for chemicals, including melamine, which may in part be due to increased regulatory actions by international organizations and governmental agencies, prompted by poisoning incidents worldwide.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Additionally, FDA issued a letter in 2008 to alert the food manufacturing industry, increased surveillance in food products, and developed analytic methods to better determine melamine and its derivatives (Kuehn, 2009;FDA 2021bb). However, such regulations are limited to food items and human exposure is still possible through contact with consumer products and the residues in the ambient environment (Shin et al, 2020;Takazawa et al, 2020;Zheng et al, 2020;Zhu et al, 2019;Zhu and Kannan, 2018a;b, 2019b, 2020ab). Other chemicals, such as aniline, o-/m-toluidine, p-anisidine, and 3-chloroaniline, were also associated with calendar year although the underlying reason is unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While melamine and melamine derivatives are not approved for direct addition to human food or animal feeds marketed in the U.S. (FDA, 2021a), suggested exposure pathways involve contaminated food (NLM, 2021c) and house dust (Shin et al, 2020;Zheng et al, 2020;Zhu and Kannan, 2018b). They are commonly detected in foodstuffs in the U.S. Kannan, 2018a, 2019b), possibly due to leaching from tableware (Takazawa et al, 2020), food packaging (Zhu and Kannan, 2019b), contaminated water (Zhu and Kannan, 2020b), animals exposed to melamine-containing fertilizers and animal feed, and/or illegal addition. In 2007-2008, illegal addition in infant formula and pet feed resulted in urolithiasis (stone in the urinary system) and kidney failure incidents, and in extreme cases, death (Gossner et al, 2009;He et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to melamine and its derivatives and aromatic amines among pregnant women in the United States: The ECHO Program

Choi

Kuiper

Bennett

et al. 2022

ISEE Conference Abstracts

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Background: Melamine, melamine derivatives, and aromatic amines are nitrogen-containing compounds with known toxicity and widespread commercial uses. Nevertheless, biomonitoring of these chemicals is lacking, particularly during pregnancy, a period of increased susceptibility to adverse health effects. Objectives: We aimed to measure melamine, melamine derivatives, and aromatic amine exposure in pregnant women across the United States (U.S.) and evaluate associations with participant and urine sample collection characteristics. Methods: We measured 43 analytes, representing 45 chemicals (i.e., melamine, three melamine derivatives, and 41 aromatic amines), in urine from pregnant women in nine diverse ECHO cohorts during 2008-2020 (N = 171). To assess relations with participant and urine sample collection characteristics, we used generalized estimating equations to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for analytes dichotomized at the detection limit, % differences (%Δ) for continuous analytes, and 95% confidence intervals. Multivariable models included age, race/ethnicity, marital status, urinary cotinine, and year of sample collection. Results: Twelve chemicals were detected in >60% of samples, with near ubiquitous detection of cyanuric acid, melamine, aniline, 4,4 ′ -methylenedianiline, and a composite of o-toluidine and m-toluidine (99-100%). In multivariable adjusted models, most chemicals were associated with higher exposures among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black participants. For example, concentrations of 3,4-dichloroaniline were higher among Hispanic (%Δ: +149, 95% CI: +17, +431) and non-Hispanic Black (%Δ: +136, 95% CI: +35, +311) women compared with non-Hispanic White women. We observed similar results for ammelide, o-/m-toluidine, 4,4 ′ -methylenedianiline, and 4-chloroaniline. Most chemicals were positively associated with urinary cotinine, with strongest associations observed for o-/m-toluidine (%Δ: +23; 95% CI: +16, +31) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (%Δ: +25; 95% CI: +17, +33). Some chemicals exhibited annual trends (e.g., %Δ in melamine per year: − 11; 95% CI: − 19, − 1) or time of day, seasonal, and geographic variability. Discussion: Exposure to melamine, cyanuric acid, and some aromatic amines was ubiquitous in this first investigation of these analytes in pregnant women. Future research should expand biomonitoring, identify sources of exposure disparities by race/ethnicity, and evaluate potential adverse health effects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to melamine and its derivatives and aromatic amines among pregnant women in the United States: The ECHO Program

Choi

Kuiper

Bennett

et al. 2022

ISEE Conference Abstracts

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“…One important limitation of this study is that we could not account for participants' potential use of melamine tableware. Migration from melamine tableware has been welldocumented in controlled studies [8,9,35], especially with acidic foods, high temperatures, and extended contact times [36]. One small intervention study demonstrated that switching from melamine-containing tableware and utensils to stainless steel alternatives reduced melamine exposure by approximately 68% [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations of Dietary Intake with Urinary Melamine and Derivative Concentrations among Children in the GAPPS Cohort

Melough

Day

Fretts

et al. 2022

IJERPH

Self Cite

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Melamine is a nephrotoxic industrial chemical. Diet is one source of melamine exposure, yet little work has examined the main dietary contributors, particularly among children. We evaluated associations of diet with urinary melamine and derivative concentrations among 123 children aged 4–6 years in the Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth cohort. Children’s diets on the day preceding urine collection were assessed using 24-h dietary recalls. Associations of meat, fruit, and grain intakes with melamine exposure were examined using multiple linear regression. Remaining food groups were examined in secondary analyses. Mean (SD) melamine, ammelide, and cyanuric acid concentrations were 6.1 (12.4), 1.9 (2.1), and 60.6 (221.2) ng/mL, respectively. The second tertile of red meat consumers had 98% (95% CI: 15%, 241%) greater melamine exposure than non-consumers, yet the highest consumers did not have increased exposure. Greater consumption of certain fruits was associated with lower urinary ammelide. The top yogurt consumers had 112% (95% CI: 29%, 247%) greater melamine exposure than non-consumers. Consumption of starchy vegetables excluding potatoes was associated with 139% (95% CI: 6%, 437%) greater urinary ammelide. These observed associations should be confirmed in future studies using larger samples and increased monitoring of non-dietary routes of exposure.

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“…Melamine is highly soluble in water with a Log Pow value of −0.6 ( 11 ), and the solubilities of urea and cyanuric acid were determined in the temperature range of 300.75–369.45 K ( 12 ). Cyanuric acid has been found to correlate with several other water quality indexes in swimming pools.…”

Section: Application Of Cyanuric Acid In Swimming Pool Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on the health risk of cyanuric acid in swimming pool water and its prevention and control measures

Chen,

Su,

Chen

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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Cyanuric acid is a widely used fine chemical intermediate that acts as a free chlorine buffer in swimming pool water, wherein it is often used as a stabilizer to maintain the germicidal efficacy of chlorinated disinfectants. However, it has also been associated with health risks. Herein, we introduced the sources and functions of cyanuric acid in swimming pool water, focusing on potential health risks associated with excessive concentration of the component and the current control standards worldwide. Also, the prevention and control measures were summarized in terms of physical chemistry, biodegradation, and ultraviolet radiation to provide a basis for the development of public health policies for swimming pool management.

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Leaching of melamine and cyanuric acid from melamine-based tableware at different temperatures and water-based simulants

Cited by 18 publications

References 29 publications

Exposure to melamine and its derivatives and aromatic amines among pregnant women in the United States: The ECHO Program

Exposure to melamine and its derivatives and aromatic amines among pregnant women in the United States: The ECHO Program

Associations of Dietary Intake with Urinary Melamine and Derivative Concentrations among Children in the GAPPS Cohort

Study on the health risk of cyanuric acid in swimming pool water and its prevention and control measures

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