Leaching of Metabolites from Above-Ground Plant Parts and Its Implications

Tukey, H. B.

doi:10.2307/2483411

Cited by 119 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…To determine whether nitrate reduction could occur at the level of the whole leaf, the activity of the reporter in leaf washings was determined. LK2(pSKNas4) incubated in a minimal medium containing both glucose and bean leaf exudates from leaves of plants grown with different nitrogen fertilization regimes expressed from 10 5 -to 10 6 -fold more ice nucleation activity in the leaf exudates than that grown in medium without added leaf exudate (Fig. 4B).…”

Section: Bacterial Nitrate Assimilation Occurs On Leavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A wide variety of both inorganic and organic compounds are found on a given plant species. Amino acids, organic acids, and carbohydrates were detected in all of the species tested, although the quantity and abundance of a given compound varied from species to species (5,6). Inorganic nitrogen is also found on the surface of plants, but its form has generally not been determined.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Younger leaves are typically more hydrophobic than older leaves, and their thicker cuticle restricts nutrient flux. Leaves that are more wettable, such as those of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), experience more leaching (5)(6)(7). The leaching of nutrients onto the leaf surface enables the growth of bacterial epiphytes, which grow on the leaf surface and then compete for consumption of these limited resources in this habitat (8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution of Nitrate Assimilation to the Fitness of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a on Plants

Parangan-Smith

Lindow

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The ability of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae to use nitrate as a nitrogen source in culture and on leaves was assessed. Substantial amounts of leaf surface nitrate were detected directly and by use of a bioreporter of nitrate on bean plants grown with a variety of nitrogen sources. While a nitrate reductase mutant, P. syringae ⌬nasB, exhibited greatly reduced growth in culture with nitrate as the sole nitrogen source, it exhibited population sizes similar to those of the wild-type strain on leaves. However, the growth of the ⌬nasB mutant was much less than that of the wild-type strain when cultured in bean leaf washings supplemented with glucose, suggesting that P. syringae experiences primarily carbon-limited and only secondarily nitrogenlimited growth on bean leaves. Only a small proportion of the cells of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based P. syringae nitrate reductase bioreporter, LK2(pOTNas4), exhibited fluorescence on leaves. This suggests that only a subset of cells experience high nitrate levels or that nitrate assimilation is repressed by the presence of ammonium or other nitrogenous compounds in many leaf locations. While only a subpopulation of P. syringae consumes nitrate at a given time on the leaves, the ability of those cells to consume this resource would be strongly beneficial to those cells, especially in environments in which nitrate is the most abundant form of nitrogen. N itrate assimilation is a central metabolic process that contributes to bacterial growth in a variety of habitats such as the ocean (1), rhizosphere (2), and soils (3). While there are numerous studies of bacterial nitrate assimilation in such locations, very little is known about the importance of bacterial nitrate assimilation in other habitats such as the aerial portions of plants known as the phyllosphere. The phyllosphere is considered to be a relatively stressful habitat due to nutrient limitation, desiccation stress, low and variable water availability, and high fluxes of UV radiation; nonetheless, it is colonized by specialized microbes (4). The fitness of epiphytic bacteria is associated with their ability to tolerate or avoid these various stresses and to utilize the limited nutrients available to them on leaves.Various studies have suggested that the phyllosphere is generally a nutrient-limited habitat. A wide variety of both inorganic and organic compounds are found on a given plant species. Amino acids, organic acids, and carbohydrates were detected in all of the species tested, although the quantity and abundance of a given compound varied from species to species (5, 6). Inorganic nitrogen is also found on the surface of plants, but its form has generally not been determined. Many factors, such as leaf age and the hydrophobic properties of the leaf, affect the amount and composition of leaf leachates. Younger leaves are typically more hydrophobic than older leaves, and their thicker cuticle restricts nutrient flux. Leaves that are more wettable, such as those of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), experience m...

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Section: Bacterial Nitrate Assimilation Occurs On Leavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution of Nitrate Assimilation to the Fitness of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a on Plants

Parangan-Smith

Lindow

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Higher plants regularly release organic compounds by volatilization from their surfaces and through leaf leachates and root exudates. Since the pioneer work on leaf leachates and root exudates (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35), an array of literature confirms that plants loose many metabolites as well as allelochemicals. There is compelling evidence that a wide range of allelochemicals present in seeds contribute to the prevention of seed decay (1,36), and a few experiments illustrate that inhibitors may leach from seeds (37)(38)(39)(40)(41).…”

Section: Allelochemical Release and Transfersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allelopathy: Current Status and Future Goals

Einhellig

1994

ACS Symposium Series

148

112

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The phenomenon of allelopathy encompasses all types of chemical interactions among plants and microorganisms. Several hundred different organic compounds (allelochemicals) released from plants and microbes are known to affect the growth or aspects of function of the receiving species. Many new allelochemicals have been identified in recent years and it has become clear that the actions of allelochemicals are important features characterizing the interrelationships among organisms. These compounds influence patterns in vegetational communities, plant succession, seed preservation, germination of fungal spores, the nitrogen cycle, mutualistic associations, crop productivity, and plant defense. Allelopathy is tightly coupled with competition for resources and stress from disease, temperature extremes, moisture deficit, and herbicides. Such stresses often increase allelochemical production and accentuate their action. Allelopathic inhibition typically results from a combination of allelochemicals which interfere with several physiological processes in the receiving plant or microorganism. Other than the autecological study of specific species, there are persistent challenges in allelopathy to determine the mechanism of action of compounds, isolate new compounds, evaluate environmental interactions, and understand activity in the soil. New frontiers will focus on ways to capitalize on allelopathy to enhance crop production and develop a more sustainable agriculture, including weed and pest control through crop rotations, residue management, and a variety of approaches in biocontrol. Other goals are to adapt allelochemicals as herbicides, pesticides, and growth stimulants, modify crop genomes to manipulate allelochemical production, and better elucidate chemical communications that generate associations between microorganisms and higher plants. 0097 ALLELOPATHY: ORGANISMS, PROCESSES, AND APPLICATIONSThe writings of some natural philosophers that date back more than two millenniums show that they recognized chemical influences in nature (1). However, it is the evidence accumulated over the last several decades which has established that external roles for biochemicals, meaning roles that do not directly affect the basic physiology of the producing organism, are pervasive themes characterizing the interrelationships among organisms. This realization does not diminish the respective importance that competition for resources has on the relative success of an organism or a species. Instead, chemical ecology extends our dimensions of understanding and provides new insights into the intricacies of interchanges that occur in an ecosystem, community, or population.Allelopathy, a subset within the broader scope of chemical ecology, is concerned with effects that chemicals of plant or microbial origin have on growth, development, and distribution of other plants and microorganisms in natural communities or agricultural systems. The aims of this overview chapter are to provide a synthesis of the scope of allelopathy, suggest gen...

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“…Plants are known to be 76 leaky systems. That large amounts of inorganic and organic substances are leached from above-ground plant parts has been well documented' (Tukey, 1966(Tukey, . 1971.…”

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confidence: 99%

The allelopathic potential of Rhododendron macrophyllum in a western Cascades clearcut

Clark

2000

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Rhododendron macrophyllum is a dominant species in.the shrub stage of secondary succession on burned and logged sites in the Tsuga heterophylla zone of the western Cascades of Oregon. A study was undertaken to determine if R. macrophyllum has the potential to inhibit the germination and growth of surrounding ~egetation through watersolub le toxins which . . are produced in its leaves and leached out of its litter by rainfall.Aqueous extracts of R. macrophyllum leaf litter significantly reduced germination and radicle growth in Btomus tectorum, ·Epilobitim ansustifolium, Picea sitChensis, ·pseudOtStiga·menzieSii, and·Tsu8a heterophylla. Osmotic pressure of the leaf extract solution was determined not to be a significant causative factor in the inhibition observed.Field studies showed four plant species to increase in frequency of presence with increasing distan~e from _1!. macrophyllum drip lines.Two species, both ericaceous, decreased in frequency of presence.Five species increased in density with increasing distance from R. macrophyllum drip lines, while only one species, which was ericaceous, decreased, It is postulated that these patte~s result fr~ the allelopathic influence of _1!. macrophyllum. Members of the Ericaceae are thought to either have a common response to environmental conditions or to be able to tolerate the toxins produced by members of thei~ family.

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Leaching of Metabolites from Above-Ground Plant Parts and Its Implications

Cited by 119 publications

References 16 publications

Contribution of Nitrate Assimilation to the Fitness of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a on Plants

Contribution of Nitrate Assimilation to the Fitness of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a on Plants

Allelopathy: Current Status and Future Goals

The allelopathic potential of Rhododendron macrophyllum in a western Cascades clearcut

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