Lead-Acid Batteries

Huggins, Robert A.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1024-0_15

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Ion-conducting materials with different mobile ion species are crucial components of electrochemical energy storage systems. For example, most battery systems, e.g., lead-acid batteries, , alkaline batteries, , Li-ion batteries, , and Na-ion batteries, are based on mobile ions, such as H + , Li + , Na + , etc. Recently, new battery systems based on mobile anions have attracted interest. − In particular, hydride ion may potentially be an attractive charge carrier for electrochemical energy storage, because the high standard redox potential of H 2 /H – (−2.3 V) may lead to high voltage and high energy density .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First-Principles Study of Oxyhydride H^– Ion Conductors: Toward Facile Anion Conduction in Oxide-Based Materials

Bai

Zhu

et al. 2018

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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H − ion conductor materials have the great potential to enable high-energy density electrochemical storage based on hydrogen. Fast H − conduction has been recently demonstrated in the La 2−x−y Sr x+y LiH 1−x+y O 3−y oxyhydride materials.However, little is known about the H − diffusion mechanism in this new material and its unique structure. The origin of such exceptional H − conduction in the oxide-based materials is of great interest. Using first-principles calculations, we studied the energetics and diffusion mechanisms of H − ions as a function of structures and compositions in this oxyhydride system. Our study identified that fast H − diffusion is mediated by H − vacancies and that the fast two-dimensional or three-dimensional H − diffusion is activated by different anion sublattices in different compositions. In addition, novel doping was predicted from ab initio computation to increase H − conductivity in these materials. The unique two-anion-site feature in this structural framework enables highly tunable lattice and minimizes the blocking of anion diffusion by oxygen sublattice, allowing high mobile-carrier concentration and good diffusion network. This conclusion offers general guidance for future design and discovery of novel oxide-based anion conductors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First-Principles Study of Oxyhydride H^– Ion Conductors: Toward Facile Anion Conduction in Oxide-Based Materials

Bai

Zhu

et al. 2018

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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“…As a result, it has become the most significant secondary lead source worldwide [3]. About 80-85% of total secondary lead is recycled from lead paste [4]. Typically, a spent LAB consists of four main components: lead paste (30-40%), lead alloy grids (24-30%), polymeric materials (22-30%), and waste electrolytes (11-30%) [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cleaner Recycling of Spent Lead-Acid Battery Paste and Co-Treatment of Pyrite Cinder via a Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Method for Valuable Metal Recovery and Sulfur Conservation

Yang

Taskinen

et al. 2019

Metals

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This study proposes a cleaner lead-acid battery (LAB) paste and pyrite cinder (PyC) recycling method without excessive generation of SO2. PyCs were employed as sulfur-fixing reagents to conserve sulfur as condensed sulfides, which prevented SO2 emissions. In this work, the phase transformation mechanisms in a PbSO4-Na2CO3-Fe3O4-C reaction system were studied in detail. Furthermore, the co-treatment of spent LAB and PyCs was conducted to determine the optimal recycling conditions and to detect the influences of different processing parameters on lead recovery and sulfur fixation. In addition, a bench-scale experiment was carried out to confirm the feasibility and reliability of this novel process. The results reveal that the products were separated into three distinct layers: slag, ferrous matte, and crude lead. 98.3% of lead and 99% of silver in the feed materials were directly enriched in crude lead. Crude lead with purity of more than 98 wt.% (weight percent) was obtained by a one-step extraction. Lead contents in the produced matte and slag were below 2.7 wt.% and 0.6 wt.%, respectively. At the same time, 99.2% total sulfur was fixed and recovered.

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“…Maintenance-free (MF) lead-acid batteries are of present interest for electric vehicles (EV), especially as there is a growing public awareness of the environmental benefit of replacing the gasoline-powered vehicles with low-emission electric vehicles. L. T. Lam pointed out that the lead-acid battery has clear advantages, including a proud history of service, a well-established network of manufacturers and distributors, a competitive cost, and efficient recycling facilities, Robert A. Huggins also demonstrated the reasons for the widespread use of lead-acid batteries, such as the relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, and favorable electrochemical characteristics with rapid kinetics and good cycle life, so lead-acid batteries are still widely used in most of the commercially available EVs. The battery cathode is the control electrode of the lead/acid battery capacity, and the addition of positive active material can improve the specific energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification of Leachate from Simultaneous Leaching of Galena Concentrate and Pyrolusite and Preparation of PbSO₄ and Mn₃O₄

Qin

Jiao

et al. 2012

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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This paper presents the results of investigation on simultaneous leaching of galena concentrate and pyrolusite in acid medium. It has been confirmed that the leached products as the raw materialsPbCl 2 , MnCl 2 for the PbSO 4 and Mn 3 O 4 preparations could be obtained during the leaching processes. Special emphasizes are placed on the purification of the simultaneous leaching solution including removals of Fe 2+ , Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ca 2+ , and preparations. The factors affecting the purification, such as pH, temperature, agitation rate, and dosages of Cl − and Na 2 S are investigated in leaching cells. The results show that, at appropriate conditions, iron is removed in the form of FeOOH, Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ are vulcanized by Na 2 S, and Ca 2+ is removed in the form of CaF 2 precipitation. After purification and crystallizing-out of PbCl 2 (97.17%), the effects of pH, temperature, reaction time, concentration, stirring rate, and drying methods on preparations are examined. The mechanisms are addressed by theoretical calculations and experiments. The results indicate that the content of PbSO 4 is 99.46% characterized by elemental analysis, XRD, and SEM. The purity of Mn 3 O 4 is identified by TG-DSC, chemical analysis, and XRD, and the Mn in the Mn 3 O 4 product accounts for 71.7%.

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Lead-Acid Batteries

Cited by 5 publications

References 10 publications

First-Principles Study of Oxyhydride H^– Ion Conductors: Toward Facile Anion Conduction in Oxide-Based Materials

First-Principles Study of Oxyhydride H^– Ion Conductors: Toward Facile Anion Conduction in Oxide-Based Materials

Cleaner Recycling of Spent Lead-Acid Battery Paste and Co-Treatment of Pyrite Cinder via a Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Method for Valuable Metal Recovery and Sulfur Conservation

Purification of Leachate from Simultaneous Leaching of Galena Concentrate and Pyrolusite and Preparation of PbSO₄ and Mn₃O₄

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Lead-Acid Batteries

Cited by 5 publications

References 10 publications

First-Principles Study of Oxyhydride H– Ion Conductors: Toward Facile Anion Conduction in Oxide-Based Materials

First-Principles Study of Oxyhydride H– Ion Conductors: Toward Facile Anion Conduction in Oxide-Based Materials

Cleaner Recycling of Spent Lead-Acid Battery Paste and Co-Treatment of Pyrite Cinder via a Reductive Sulfur-Fixing Method for Valuable Metal Recovery and Sulfur Conservation

Purification of Leachate from Simultaneous Leaching of Galena Concentrate and Pyrolusite and Preparation of PbSO4 and Mn3O4

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First-Principles Study of Oxyhydride H^– Ion Conductors: Toward Facile Anion Conduction in Oxide-Based Materials

First-Principles Study of Oxyhydride H^– Ion Conductors: Toward Facile Anion Conduction in Oxide-Based Materials

Purification of Leachate from Simultaneous Leaching of Galena Concentrate and Pyrolusite and Preparation of PbSO₄ and Mn₃O₄