Lead/acid batteries

Bullock, Kathryn R.

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(94)01952-5

Cited by 55 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Some of the failure mechanisms for SLI batteries-by far the most common type of Pb/ acid battery in use today-are simply the result of mechanical shocks (broken or damaged containers or terminals including electrolyte leakage); others depend on use (e.g., electrolyte dryout due to overcharge) and choice of design (18,19). Positive electrode grid corrosion or fracture and loss of contact have been observed, which can be mitigated by improving corrosion resilience with the use of Pb-Ca or Pb-Ca-Sn alloys (for the negative and positive electrodes, respectively) and through control of grid microstructure to avoid grain growth in the casting process.…”

Section: Pb/acid Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why do batteries fail?

Palacín

Guibert

2016

Science

710

397

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Battery failure and gradual performance degradation (aging) are the result of complex interrelated phenomena that depend on battery chemistry, design, environment, and the actual operation conditions. The current available knowledge on these matters results from a vast combination of experimental and modeling approaches. We explore the state of the art with respect to materials as well as usage (temperature, charge/discharge rate, etc.) for lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion chemistries. Battery diagnosis strategies and plausible developments related to large-scale battery applications are also discussed.

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Section: Pb/acid Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why do batteries fail?

Palacín

Guibert

2016

Science

710

397

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“…One of their biggest drawbacks is the low specific energy mainly due to the use of lead alloy grids as current collectors. A number of conductive materials including carbon, conductive ceramics and glass fibers coated with conductive tin oxide have been suggested as substitutes for lead alloy grids, with the purpose to reduce the weight of lead acid batteries, then to enhance their specific energy [2]. Carbon, one of these materials, is inert in sulfuric acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pitch-based carbon foam electrodeposited with lead as positive current collectors for lead acid batteries

Chen

et al. 2009

J Appl Electrochem

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Lead electrodeposited carbon foam (LCF), whose substrate was made from pitch by a template method, was investigated as possible positive current collectors for lead acid batteries. Scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic chargedischarge tests were employed to characterize the effect of the proposed collector on the structure and electrochemical properties of the positive active material (PAM). The LCF with uniform and dense lead coating shows the similar electrochemical characteristics to metallic lead in the voltage range where the positive electrodes of lead acid batteries operate. The LCF and lead slices were used as the positive current collectors to equip lead acid batteries, respectively. Comparative charge-discharge tests show that a battery equipped with a LCF collector exhibits higher PAM utilization efficiency and longer cycle life, for LCF can provide large specific surface area which is beneficial to electrochemical reactions and PAM adhesion. In addition, a light lead acid battery with a LCF positive current collector and a carbon foam negative current collector was made and tested for the first time. It deserves systematic industrial study in the future.

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“…The cost of adding water throughout the batteryÕs life is as high as the cost of the initial battery [1]. Acid stratification leads to overcharging, gassing, and failure in deep-cycling applications unless acid circulation is incorporated into the cell design [2][3][4]. To solve this problem, a gel battery was developed over a number of years for stationary applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%