Lead apatite solid-solution series

Cockbain, A. G.

doi:10.1180/minmag.1968.036.284.17

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Green Pb ore was first distinguished chemically by M. H. Klaproth in 1784 as a Pb phosphate mineral, and it was named pyromorphite (from the Greek for fire, pyro, and form, morph, as melted globules will recrystallize upon cooling) by J. F. L. Hausmann in 1813 (Cockbain, 1968). Others had noted the location of green Pb ore throughout Wales PHOSPHATE AMENDMENTS AND SOIL LEAD BIOAVAILABILITY and many parts of Europe, but it was Smyth (1848) that postulated its formation from the oxidation of galena (PbS) in proximity to decomposing organic matter (e.g., manure) as a phosphate source.…”

Section: Physical-chemical Interactions Between Phosphate Pb and Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Scheckel

Diamond

Burgess

et al. 2013

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

128

179

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Ingested soil and surface dust may be important contributors to elevated blood lead (Pb) levels in children exposed to Pb contaminated environments. Mitigation strategies have typically focused on excavation and removal of the contaminated soil. However, this is not always feasible for addressing widely disseminated contamination in populated areas often encountered in urban environments. The rationale for amending soils with phosphate is that phosphate will promote formation of highly insoluble Pb species (e.g., pyromorphite minerals) in soil, which will remain insoluble after ingestion and, therefore, inaccessible to absorption mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Amending soil with phosphate might potentially be used in combination with other methods that reduce contact with or migration of contaminated soils, such as covering the soil with a green cap such as sod, clean soil with mulch, raised garden beds, or gravel. These remediation strategies may be less expensive and far less disruptive than excavation and removal of soil. This review evaluates evidence for efficacy of phosphate amendments for decreasing soil Pb bioavailability. Evidence is reviewed for (1) physical and chemical interactions of Pb and phosphate that would be expected to influence bioavailability, (2) effects of phosphate amendments on soil Pb bioaccessibility (i.e., predicted solubility of Pb in the GIT), and (3) results of bioavailability bioassays of amended soils conducted in humans and animal models. Practical implementation issues, such as criteria and methods for evaluating efficacy, and potential effects of phosphate on mobility and bioavailability of co-contaminants in soil are also discussed.

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Section: Physical-chemical Interactions Between Phosphate Pb and Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Scheckel

Diamond

Burgess

et al. 2013

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B

128

179

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“…In existing literature, numerous references have been made to "hydroxypyromorphite, hydroxopyromorphite, lead apatite, or lead hydroxypatite" compounds as both synthetic and natural material, although until now the crystal structure of hydroxylpyromorphite found in Nature was not determined, nor formally considered a mineral (Brückner et al, 1995;Cockbain, 1968;Lower et al, 1998;Mavropoulos et al, 2002;Zhu et al, 2016). Here for the first time, we provide a full structural analysis of the mineral hydroxylpyromorphite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroxylpyromorphite, a mineral important to lead remediation: Modern description and characterization

Olds

Kampf

Rakovan

et al. 2021

American Mineralogist

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Hydroxylpyromorphite, Pb 5 (PO 4) 3 (OH), has been documented in the literature as a synthetic and naturally occurring phase for some time now but has not previously been formally described as a mineral. It is fully described here for the first time using crystals collected underground in the Copps mine, Gogebic County, Michigan. Hydroxylpyromorphite occurs as aggregates of randomly oriented hexagonal prisms, primarily between about 20-35 µm in length and 6-10 µm in diameter. The mineral is colorless and translucent with vitreous luster and white streak. The Mohs hardness is ~3½-4; the tenacity is brittle, the fracture is irregular, and indistinct cleavage was observed on {001}. Electron microprobe analyses provided the empirical formula This is the peer-reviewed, final accepted version for American Mineralogist, published by the Mineralogical Society of America. The published version is subject to change. Cite as Authors (Year) Title. American Mineralogist, in press.

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Carbonate-bearing phosphohedyphane–“Hydroxylphosphohedyphane” and cerussite: Supergene products of galena alteration in Permian aplite (Western Carpathians, Slovakia)

Ondrejka

Bačík

Putiš

et al. 2020

The Canadian Mineralogist

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ABSTRACT A unique assemblage of hedyphane-group minerals of the apatite supergroup associated with galena, cerussite, and calcite occurs in a Permian aplite dike crosscutting orthogneisses belonging to the pre-Alpine basement of the Veĺký Zelený Potok Valley in the Veporic Unit, Western Carpathians, Central Slovakia. The secondary Ca-Pb phosphates include phosphohedyphane Ca2Pb3(PO4)3Cl and (OH)-dominant “hydroxylphosphohedyphane” Ca2Pb3(PO4)3OH. Detailed EPMA and Raman spectroscopy of the hedyphane-group minerals reveal the presence of Pb, Ca, P, and Cl as major constituents; the systematic presence of (CO3)2– (up to 2.6 wt.% CO2calc; 0.65 apfu C) substituting for (PO4)3– (B-type) is the first reported carbonate-bearing phosphohedyphane in nature. There is also significant localized halogen deficiency (0.38–0.49 apfu Cl+F) which suggests the potential for a new mineral, “hydroxylphosphohedyphane”. The secondary assemblage described herein results from very low-temperature sulfide-carbonate reactions and further near-surface supergene alteration of primary magmatic or metamorphic phosphate minerals (mainly apatite) and hydrothermal galena in the alkaline CO2-rich groundwater.

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Lead apatite solid-solution series

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Amending Soils With Phosphate As Means To Mitigate Soil Lead Hazard: A Critical Review Of The State Of The Science

Hydroxylpyromorphite, a mineral important to lead remediation: Modern description and characterization

Carbonate-bearing phosphohedyphane–“Hydroxylphosphohedyphane” and cerussite: Supergene products of galena alteration in Permian aplite (Western Carpathians, Slovakia)

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