Lead exposure by drinking water: an epidemiologial study in Hamburg, Germany

Fertmann, Regina; Hentschel, Stefan; Dengler, Dorothee; Janßen, U.; Lommel, Annette

doi:10.1078/1438-4639-00285

Cited by 56 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…It demonstrated that water lead exposure can be reduced by consumption of exclusively bottled water. Fertmann et al have shown that consuming bottled water for drinking and cooking during 11 weeks reduced maternal median blood lead exposure from 32 to 20 μg/L (Fertmann et al, 2004). We found a similar decline on the 90th quantile of BLLs between children drinking tap water versus bottled water.…”

Section: Tap Watersupporting

confidence: 76%

Environmental determinants of different blood lead levels in children: A quantile analysis from a nationwide survey

Etchevers

Tertre

Lucas

et al. 2015

Environment International

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Blood lead levels (BLLs) have substantially decreased in recent decades in children in France. However, further reducing exposure is a public health goal because there is no clear toxicological threshold. The identification of the environmental determinants of BLLs as well as risk factors associated with high BLLs is important to update prevention strategies. We aimed to estimate the contribution of environmental sources of lead to different BLLs in children in France. We enrolled 484 children aged from 6months to 6years, in a nationwide cross-sectional survey in 2008-2009. We measured lead concentrations in blood and environmental samples (water, soils, household settled dusts, paints, cosmetics and traditional cookware). We performed two models: a multivariate generalized additive model on the geometric mean (GM), and a quantile regression model on the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantile of BLLs. The GM of BLLs was 13.8μg/L (=1.38μg/dL) (95% confidence intervals (CI): 12.7-14.9) and the 90th quantile was 25.7μg/L (CI: 24.2-29.5). Household and common area dust, tap water, interior paint, ceramic cookware, traditional cosmetics, playground soil and dust, and environmental tobacco smoke were associated with the GM of BLLs. Household dust and tap water made the largest contributions to both the GM and the 90th quantile of BLLs. The concentration of lead in dust was positively correlated with all quantiles of BLLs even at low concentrations. Lead concentrations in tap water above 5μg/L were also positively correlated with the GM, 75th and 90th quantiles of BLLs in children drinking tap water. Preventative actions must target household settled dust and tap water to reduce the BLLs of children in France. The use of traditional cosmetics should be avoided whereas ceramic cookware should be limited to decorative purposes.

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Section: Tap Watersupporting

confidence: 76%

Environmental determinants of different blood lead levels in children: A quantile analysis from a nationwide survey

Etchevers

Tertre

Lucas

et al. 2015

Environment International

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“…Drinking water distributed through lead pipes can be an important source of lead exposure affecting blood lead concentrations in the general population (Meyer et al 1992;Krause et al 1996;Watt et al 1996;Fertmann et al 2004; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] 2004). The contamination of drinking water by its contact with the distribution network and home plumbing is mainly caused by corrosion of metal parts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Assessment and management of tap water lead contamination in Lower Saxony, Germany

Zietz¹,

Lass²,

Suchenwirth³

2007

International Journal of Environmental Health Research

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Lead is known to have numerous adverse effects especially to infants and children. The intake of lead through drinking water is commonly due to metal corrosion in the peripheral water distribution system, especially the user's plumbing. The aim of this project was to assess the present state of drinking water contamination with lead in Lower Saxony and to promote replacement of lead pipes. For this purpose a project was initiated comprising three parts. First, a free examination of drinking water was offered in cooperation with local public health departments for private households with young women and families with children living in buildings constructed before 1974. Participants were asked to collect a cold tap water sample in their household after nocturnal stagnation and to complete a questionnaire. The collected samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry for their lead concentration. Second, data from local public health departments on results of lead measurements, especially in buildings for the public, were collected and analysed. Finally a working group 'lead replacement' was initiated. In the project in total 2436 tap water samples from households were collected. Of these, 6.49% had lead concentrations exceeding 10 microg/l (recommended limit of the World Health Organization) and 2.79% had concentrations above the limit of the German drinking water ordinance (25 microg/l). There were remarkable regional differences in the frequency of tap water contamination. Multi-family houses were more frequently affected than single- and double-family houses.

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“…Some metals are potentially released from the pipeline system. Indeed, an epidemiological study (Fertmann et al, 2004) aimed to investigate the extent of lead exposure via tap water in Hamburg (Germany) showed that people with lead in the tap water above 5 mg/L showed significantly higher blood lead levels (number of samples: 142; median in blood: 31 mg/L Pb) compared to those with no detectable lead in the tap water (number of samples: 106; median in blood: 24 mg/L Pb).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking water quality: Comparing inorganic components in bottled water and Italian tap water

Cidu

Frau

Tore

2011

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis

127

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Lead exposure by drinking water: an epidemiologial study in Hamburg, Germany

Cited by 56 publications

References 30 publications

Environmental determinants of different blood lead levels in children: A quantile analysis from a nationwide survey

Environmental determinants of different blood lead levels in children: A quantile analysis from a nationwide survey

Assessment and management of tap water lead contamination in Lower Saxony, Germany

Drinking water quality: Comparing inorganic components in bottled water and Italian tap water

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