Lead Exposure, Concentrated Disadvantage, and Violent Crime Rates

Martin, Tara E.; Wolfe, Scott E.

doi:10.1080/07418825.2018.1473462

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Of the 12 study predictors, six were census-based. Lead exposure is often concentrated in poor areas of high disadvantage, among older housing stock containing lead paint, and in areas with a high percentage of persons of the color [30][31][32][33]. Thus, our chosen predictors were the percentage below poverty, the percentage black, the percentage white, the percentage of houses built before 1980, the percentage of >25-year-olds without a high school diploma, and the Gini index.…”

Section: Predictors From the Us Censusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Low-Level Childhood Lead Exposure in Metro Atlanta Using Ensemble Machine Learning of High-Resolution Raster Cells

Frndak

Yan

Edelson³

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Low-level lead exposure in children is a major public health issue. Higher-resolution spatial targeting would significantly improve county and state-wide policies and programs for lead exposure prevention that generally intervene across large geographic areas. We use stack-ensemble machine learning, including an elastic net generalized linear model, gradient-boosted machine, and deep neural network, to predict the number of children with venous blood lead levels (BLLs) ≥2 to <5 µg/dL and ≥5 µg/dL in ~1 km2 raster cells in the metro Atlanta region using a sample of 92,792 children ≤5 years old screened between 2010 and 2018. Permutation-based predictor importance and partial dependence plots were used for interpretation. Maps of predicted vs. observed values were generated to compare model performance. According to the EPA Toxic Release Inventory for air-based toxic release facility density, the percentage of the population below the poverty threshold, crime, and road network density was positively associated with the number of children with low-level lead exposure, whereas the percentage of the white population was inversely associated. While predictions generally matched observed values, cells with high counts of lead exposure were underestimated. High-resolution geographic prediction of lead-exposed children using ensemble machine learning is a promising approach to enhance lead prevention efforts.

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Section: Predictors From the Us Censusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Low-Level Childhood Lead Exposure in Metro Atlanta Using Ensemble Machine Learning of High-Resolution Raster Cells

Frndak

Yan

Edelson³

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…Changes in these airpollution measures had no statistically significant effect on any other category of crime. [ 1 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between Air Pollution and Violence: A Critical Analysis

Sharma

Pandey

2023

Macromolecular Symposia

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Climate change is the most relevant discussion point in today's scenario. The research paper explains and analysis the relationship between crime and air pollution. It is important to understand that there is a remarkable increase in crimes in the recent past globally and the same can be correlated to air pollution. Studies suggest that air pollution contributed to the increased crime rate. Recent studies in this context have suggested that air pollution can be directly related to aggressive behavior and which in turn leads to an increase in the crime rate. The paper focuses on harm mitigation rather than retribution when dealing with environmental offences. Awareness of the application of restorative processes in cases of environmental harm is ambiguous and, indeed, exculpatory in nature in present scenario. It is generally accepted that environmental crimes are among some of the most lucrative types of transnational illegal activity. In 2016, their monetary worth is calculated at between US$ 91 and 259 billion annually, most likely the world's fourth largest criminal sector after narcotics, counterfeits, and trade in human beings. In this area, there is indeed a detailed list of violations, i.e., wildlife crimes, illicit mining are few to mention.

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“…A key challenge when conducting this research is that ELD is a complex construct marked by a host of proximal exposures that are thought to serve as its active “ingredients.” These include constrained access to resources, community violence, highway traffic and other noise, limited exposure to positive environmental contexts (such as green space or blue space), and exposure to neurotoxicants (Chung & Steinberg, 2006; Gorman–Smith & Tolan, 1998; Guerra et al., 2003; Honeycutt et al., 2020; Li et al., 2017; Martin & Wolfe, 2018; Odgers et al., 2012; Sampson, 2017; Sampson & Laub, 1994; Tolan et al., 2003). Laboratory rodent studies modeling ELD have often focused on only one possible contributing factor and are thus less likely to understand their effects relative to the effects of other possible factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety, aggression, reward sensitivity, and forebrain dopamine receptor expression in a laboratory rat model of early‐life disadvantage

Lonstein,

Vitale,

Olekanma

et al. 2023

Developmental Psychobiology

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Despite early‐life disadvantage (ELD) in humans being a highly heterogenous construct, it consistently predicts negative neurobehavioral outcomes. The numerous environmental contributors and neural mechanisms underlying ELD remain unclear, though. We used a laboratory rat model to evaluate the effects of limited resources and/or heavy metal exposure on mothers and their adult male and female offspring. Dams and litters were chronically exposed to restricted (1‐cm deep) or ample (4‐cm deep) home cage bedding postpartum, with or without lead acetate (0.1%) in their drinking water from insemination through 1‐week postweaning. Restricted‐bedding mothers showed more pup‐directed behaviors and behavioral fragmentation, while lead‐exposed mothers showed more nestbuilding. Restricted bedding‐raised male offspring showed higher anxiety and aggression. Either restricted bedding or lead exposure impaired goal‐directed performance in a reinforcer devaluation task in females, whereas restricted bedding alone disrupted it in males. Lead exposure, but not limited bedding, also reduced sucrose reward sensitivity in a progressive ratio task in females. D1 and D2 receptor mRNA in the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens (NAc) were each affected by the early‐life treatments and differently between the sexes. Most notably, adult males (but not females) exposed to both early‐life treatments had greatly increased D1 receptor mRNA in the NAc core. These results illuminate neural mechanisms through which ELD threatens neurobehavioral development and highlight forebrain dopamine as a factor.

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Lead Exposure, Concentrated Disadvantage, and Violent Crime Rates

Cited by 8 publications

References 54 publications

Predicting Low-Level Childhood Lead Exposure in Metro Atlanta Using Ensemble Machine Learning of High-Resolution Raster Cells

Predicting Low-Level Childhood Lead Exposure in Metro Atlanta Using Ensemble Machine Learning of High-Resolution Raster Cells

Correlation between Air Pollution and Violence: A Critical Analysis

Anxiety, aggression, reward sensitivity, and forebrain dopamine receptor expression in a laboratory rat model of early‐life disadvantage

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