Lead Halide Perovskite Based Microdisk Lasers for On‐Chip Integrated Photonic Circuits

Abstract

cells have been intensively studied and their photon conversion efficiency has been drastically increased from a few percent to more than 22.1% in past five years. [4][5][6] Recently, the progresses in photo voltaic devices have also driven the rapid developments of other lead halide pero vskite based optoelectronic devices, e.g., light emitting devices, photodetectors, etc. [7][8][9][10][11] Lead halide perovskite micro laser is another prominent example. By controlling the stoichiometry of MAPbX 3 perovskites (MA = CH 3 NH 3 , X = Br, Cl, I) in solution or via a postsynthesis pro cess, [12][13][14] their emissions with high quantum efficiency can be widely tuned from violet to near infrared. As a result, lead halide perovskites have been consid ered as ideal lasing materials, especially for the "green gap" region of conventional semiconductors such as IIInitrides and IIIphosphides.In past three years, various lead halide perovskite microlasers have been demonstrated in nanowires, [14][15][16][17][18] microwires, [11,19,20] microplates, [21,22] quantum dots, [23] and polycrystalline films. [24] Very recently, with the developments of nanofabrication techniques, lead halide perovskite based microdisk laser, [25] photonic crys tals laser, [26] and distributed feedback lasers have also been successfully demonstrated. [27,28] The record threshold and quality (Q) factor have been improved to ≈220 nJ cm −2 and 10 000, [15,25] comparable to the values of conventional semi conductorbased microlasers. To date, the rapid developments on lead halide perovskite in solar cells, lasers, photodetec tors, and passive waveguides are encouraging the researches on allperovskite integrated selfpowered photonic circuits. However, the conventional studies are mainly focused on properties of an individual perovskite optoelectronic device. While the integration of lead halide perovskite microlaser to Si 3 N 4 circuits has been recently reported, [29] their Q factors are usually quite low and their emissions are fixed at bidi rectional emissions. In this research, by employing the top down fabrication technique, [25] we have fabricated MAPbBr 3 perovskite microdiskwaveguide systems and studied their laser characteristics. After introducing the internal chirality, unidirectional output along the bus waveguide has also been achieved.Organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites (MAPbX 3 , MA = CH 3 NH 3 , X = Br, Cl, I) are intensively studied due to their unique properties and potential applications in optoelectronic devices. However, up to now, the MAPbX 3 microdevices such as solar cells, lasers, and photodetectors are studied individually and their potentials in optical integration are rarely explored. Herein it is experimentally demonstrated that MAPbBr 3 microdisks can be directly coupled to MAPbBr 3 bus waveguides, enabling the possibility of all-perovskite photonic networks for the first time. The MAPbBr 3 microdisks with bus waveguides are fabricated with a well-controlled top-down fabrication technique and their laser characteristic...

Amplified Spontaneous Emission and Random Lasing in MAPbBr3 Halide Perovskite Single Crystals

“…At the 2 moment, most of the works are devoted to the study of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and lasing with pulsed optical pumping. The resonators used for lasing can be divided into three groups: random resonators, supporting random lasing (RL) [2][3][4][5][6]; optical resonators based on the refractive index contrast between the synthesized perovskite material and air, such as micro-and nano-cubes [7][8][9], rods [10,11], wires [12][13][14][15][16][17], platelets [18][19][20], micro pyramids [21] and microspheres [22][23][24]; and external resonators based on distributed Bragg reflectors [25][26][27][28], capillary-like microcavities [29], photonic crystals [30,31], gratings for distributed feedback lasers [32][33][34][35][36][37][38], and nanolithographically fabricated micro disks [39][40][41].…”

“…In most of the works the main conclusion about the lasing nature of the emission is made based on the narrow line width and threshold behavior [2-5, 7-16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25-27, 30, 32-43] of the emission. Rarely the emission polarization was tested [11,13,23,24,27,28,[32][33][34][35][36][37]39], the direct observation of the light field distribution in the resonator was made [10,13,14,16,18,19,21,34,39,41] or the laser emission directionality was observed [22,27,31,34,36]. To our best knowledge the intensity correlations measurements above the lasing threshold was demonstrated only in [26],…”

Emerging Light‐Emitting Materials for Photonic Integration

“…[286] One year later, this group continues to fabricate a MAPbBr 3 microdisks-waveguides system by using the same technique (see Figure 10e, upper panel). [287] Upon optical excitation, bidirectional lasing actions were observed in the waveguide coupled MAPbBr 3 microdisk. The laser emission was generated from the microdisk and consequently coupled into bus waveguide via evanescent waves, thus resulting in two bright spots at the ends of the waveguide.…”

“…Reproduced with permission. [287] Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. f) Sketch of a MAPbI 3 disk laser integrated on a Si 3 N 4 photonic chip.…”

Active meta-optics and nanophotonics with halide perovskites

“…Therefore, it is very challenging to create high-quality metasurfaces by means of any chemical methods, including various templateassisted techniques 99 . The highest precision was achieved by employing ion-beam 100 and electron-beam [101][102][103] lithography. However, these lithography-based approaches suffer from relatively low productivity.…”