Lead in bone: implications for toxicology during pregnancy and lactation.

Silbergeld, Ellen K.

doi:10.1289/ehp.919163

Cited by 267 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This release can be expected to increase during physiologic states associated with increased bone turnover, such as pregnancy and lactation (6). As a result, a significant amount of lead may be transferred to the fetus or to the breast-fed infant.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dietary and environmental determinants of blood and bone lead levels in lactating postpartum women living in Mexico City.

Hernández-Ávila

González-Cossı́o

Palazuelos

et al. 1996

Environ Health Perspect

103

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Despite the recent declines in environmental lead exposure in the United States and Mexico, the potential for delayed toxicity from bone lead stores remains a significant public health concern. Some evidence indicates that mobilization of lead from bone may be markedly enhanced during the increased bone turnover of pregnancy and lactation, resulting in lead exposure to the fetus and the breast-fed infant. We conducted a cross-sectional investigation of the interrelationships between environmental, dietary, and lifestyle histories, blood lead levels, and bone lead levels among 98 recently postpartum women living in Mexico City. Lead levels in the patella (representing trabecular bone) and tibia (representing cortical bone) were measured by K X-ray fluorescence (KXRF). Multivariate linear regression models showed that significant predictors of higher blood lead included a history of preparing or storing food in lead-glazed ceramic ware, lower milk consumption, and higher levels of lead in patella bone. A 34 micrograms/g increase in patella lead (from the medians of the lowest to the highest quartiles) was associated with an increase in blood lead of 2.4 micrograms/dl. Given the measurement error associated with KXRF and the extrapolation of lead burden from a single bone site, this contribution probably represents an underestimate of the influence of trabecular bone on blood lead. Significant predictors of bone lead in multivariate models included years living in Mexico City, lower consumption of high calcium content foods, and nonuse of calcium supplements for the patella and years living in Mexico City, older age, and lower calcium intake for tibia bone. Low consumption of milk and cheese, as compared to the highest consumption category (every day), was associated with an increase in tibia bone lead of 9.7 micrograms Pb/g bone mineral. The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that patella bone is a significant contributor to blood lead during lactation and that consumption of high calcium content foods may protect against the accumulation of lead in bone. Images Figure 1. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 2.

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confidence: 99%

Dietary and environmental determinants of blood and bone lead levels in lactating postpartum women living in Mexico City.

Hernández-Ávila

González-Cossı́o

Palazuelos

et al. 1996

Environ Health Perspect

103

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“…Bone lead, which comprises >95 % of adult body lead burden and has a biologic half-life ranging from years to decades, is a better biologic marker for studying chronic toxicity of ac-cumulated exposure and lead burden [68]. In addition, bone lead also serves as an endogenous source of lead exposure for individuals with increased bone turnover [69]. There-fore, bone lead may be a risk factor for impaired renal function either by serving as a dosimeter of cumulative exposure of the kidney to lead or a measure of the major endogenous source of blood lead that, in turn, may affect the kidney.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between essential trace and toxic elements in the scalp hair samples of smokers and alcohol user diabetics

Afridi

Kazi

Brabazon

et al. 2012

Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries

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In the present study, trace and toxic elements were determined in the Scalp Hair (SH) samples of patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) who were smokers and habitual alcohol drinkers living in Dublin, Ireland. The concentrations of elements were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology was checked using Certified Reference Material (CRM) (NCS ZC 81002b) and by the conventional wet acid digestion method on the same CRM. The results of this study showed that the mean values of cadmium, copper, iron, nickel and lead were significantly higher (P<0.001), in scalp hair samples of diabetic patients as compared to referents of both gender. While the smokers and alcohol drinker referents and DM patients have two to three time higher values of these elements than those subjects who were not smokers and teetotallers. The concentrations of zinc, chromium and manganese were lower in the scalp hair samples of diabetic patients as compared to referents. The deficiency of zinc, chromium and manganese, while the high exposure of cadmium, lead and nickel, as a result of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, may be synergistic with risk factors associated with diabetes.

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“…High alkaline phosphatase concentrations reflect the increase in bone turnover. Several conditions known to increase bone turnover, such as pregnancy (12)(13)(14), chemotherapy (15)(16)(17), tumorous infiltration of bone (18), or postmenopausal osteoporosis (19), may be associated with the mobilisation of lead in bone stores, leading to chronic lead poisoning. Hyperthyroidism is known to increase bone remodelling (20)(21)(22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead poisoning secondary to hyperthyroidism: report of two cases

Klein

Barbé²,

Pascal³

et al. 1998

European Journal of Endocrinology

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With long-term exposure to lead, lead accumulates in bone, where it is stored for years. These quiescent lead stores are mobilised when increased bone turnover occurs, and latent lead toxicity may then become symptomatic. Although Graves' disease is a common cause of increased bone turnover, to date hyperthyroidism has been implicated in lead poisoning only twice. We describe herein two cases of hyperthyroidism, one caused by toxic multinodular thyroid enlargement, the second by Graves' disease, leading to lead poisoning. Treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioactive iodine cured both hyperthyroidism and lead poisoning and no chelating agent therapy was necessary. Lead poisoning is an important environmental health problem, and physicians must be aware of the endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism that increase bone turnover, favouring lead mobilisation. Atypical symptoms should draw the physician's attention to the possibility of lead poisoning, particularly in workers with occupational exposure to lead and in areas where lead poisoning is endemic.

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Lead in bone: implications for toxicology during pregnancy and lactation.

Cited by 267 publications

References 41 publications

Dietary and environmental determinants of blood and bone lead levels in lactating postpartum women living in Mexico City.

Dietary and environmental determinants of blood and bone lead levels in lactating postpartum women living in Mexico City.

Interaction between essential trace and toxic elements in the scalp hair samples of smokers and alcohol user diabetics

Lead poisoning secondary to hyperthyroidism: report of two cases

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