Lead-induced attenuation in the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors during the neuromuscular junction formation

Chen, Shun-Sheng; Lin, Chuang-Hao; Chen, Tsan-Ju

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.04.011

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Nerve-muscle co-culture procedure was performed as it was first described by Chen et al (2005) and Ling et al (2005). Briefly, approximately 2.5 × 10 5 cells were grown as myoblasts on 35-mm culture dishes in culture medium: DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic for three days.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinergic neurons regulate secretion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor by skeletal muscle cells in culture

Vianney

Spitsbergen

2011

Brain Research

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Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been identified as a potent survival factor for both central and peripheral neurons. GDNF has been shown to be a potent survival factor for motor neurons during programmed cell death and continuous treatment with GDNF maintains hyperinnervation of skeletal muscle in adulthood. However, little is known about factors regulating normal production of endogenous GDNF in skeletal muscle. This study aimed to examine the role that motor neurons play in regulating GDNF secretion by skeletal muscle. A co-culture of skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) and cholinergic neurons, glioma × neuroblastoma hybrid cells (NG108-15) were used to create nerve muscle interactions in vitro. Acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on nerve-myotube co-cultures were blocked with alpha bungarotoxin (α-BTX). GDNF protein content in cells and in culture medium was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and western blotting. GDNF localization was examined by immunocytochemistry. The nerve-muscle co-culture study indicated that the addition of motor neurons to skeletal muscle cells reduced the secretion of GDNF by skeletal muscle. The results also showed that blocking AChRs with α-BTX reversed the action of neural cells on GDNF secretion by skeletal muscle. Although ELISA results showed no GDNF in differentiated NG108-15 cells grown alone, immunocytochemical analysis showed that GDNF was localized in NG108-15 cells co-cultured with C2C12 myotubes. These results suggest that motor neurons may be regulating their own supply of GDNF secreted by skeletal muscle and that activation of AChRs may be involved in this process.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinergic neurons regulate secretion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor by skeletal muscle cells in culture

Vianney

Spitsbergen

2011

Brain Research

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“…1,2 As a result, it has powerful effects on vertebrate behavior, including sensorimotor responses, [3][4][5][6] complex learning tasks, [7][8][9] and social interactions. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] While many studies examined the behavioral effects of Pb 2 + using post-birth or post-hatch exposures, including during juvenile or adult stages, fewer studies investigated changes in adult behavior due to Pb 2 + exposures only during the earliest periods of embryonic or fetal development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Design Affects Social Behavior Outcomes in Adult Zebrafish Developmentally Exposed to Lead

Weber

Ghorai

2013

Zebrafish

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Lead (Pb(2+)) affects neuronal and endocrine systems that influence social interactions. By providing potential hiding locations, spatial heterogeneity may affect Pb(2+)-induced behavioral outcomes. Therefore, a test chamber was designed into which a refuge could be inserted. The refuge allowed test subjects to escape from the mirror image that stimulated agonistic interactions. Behaviors with a mirror were compared with baseline activity patterns without a mirror. Adult (12-month old) male and female zebrafish, exposed to Pb(2+) (0-10 μM) as embryos (2-24 hours post fertilization), were tested individually for 5 min in each chamber design within 2 h of feeding. Behaviors were evaluated for % time in mirror zone, distance traveled (=activity level), and attacks on the mirror image. When there was no refuge, significant concentration-dependent increases occurred in male % time in mirror zone, activity level, and number of attacks. Increases in these variables were less pronounced in females. When there was a refuge, there were significant differences for males only in activity level and attacks at the higher developmental exposure concentrations; % time in mirror zone followed a similar pattern and level as without refuge. Females displayed Pb(2+)-induced behavioral changes only for attacks on mirror. Since the presence of refuges that is, environmental enrichment, reduced Pb(2+)-induced agonistic behavior in both sexes, experimental spatial design can be considered an important factor when interpreting behavioral outcomes.

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“…Because no skeletal deformities were observed in the head region of juveniles (AS‐OP) (Fig. 1b), we speculated that in the present study, the morphological deformation caused by Pb might be primarily attributed to its effect on the muscle action potential and thus to an effect on the neuromuscular system, muscle‐induced body curvature (Sippel et al., 1983; Manalis et al., 1984; Chen et al., 2005; Messaoudi et al., 2009). Our data showed that the higher the concentration of water‐borne Pb was, the sooner the body deformation appeared, also the more deformed individuals in juvenile Chinese sturgeon (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…A possible explanation for the morphological recovery is that, deformed juveniles reflect muscle Pb elimination (Fig. 3, Table 3) of activating detoxification or repair mechanisms of muscle action potential following depuration in clean water (Chen et al., 2005). Further studies are necessary to understand this mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological deformities and recovery, accumulation and elimination of lead in body tissues of Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, early life stages: a laboratory study

Hou

Zhuang

Zhang

et al. 2011

Journal of Applied Ichthyology

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Summary To determine the teratogenic effects of lead (Pb) on young Chinese sturgeon (A. sinensis), fertilized eggs (96‐h) were exposed to Pb2+ until juvenile stages (total exposure 112 days). Three nominal concentrations were employed: 0.2 mg L−1, 0.8 mg L−1 and 1.6 mg L−1. After the exposure period, juveniles were returned to Pb‐free water for a subsequent 42 days depuration period. Fish exposed to 0.8 and 1.6 mg L−1 Pb2+ exhibited body deformities during the exposure phase, appearing mainly as curvatures to left or right at OD (Origin of dorsal fin) to OC (Origin of the dorsal caudal fin), and OC to PC (Posterior margin of caudal fin) as well as to the OP (Origin of pectoral fin), associated with ptosis at PC. Moreover, the higher the concentration of water‐borne Pb, the sooner body deformations occurred, while also affecting a larger proportion of the test individuals. Free locomotion and effective foraging was greatly reduced with increasing body deformation (lordosis). Pb accumulation in tissues was concentration dependent. Muscles accumulated relatively higher Pb which may have contributed to its effect on the muscle contraction potential and thus may have effected the neuromuscular system (muscle‐induced body curvature). Morphological recovery decreased during the depuration period and this was accompanied by declining tissue Pb concentrations, indicating some self‐repairing capacity.

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Lead-induced attenuation in the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors during the neuromuscular junction formation

Cited by 7 publications

References 47 publications

Cholinergic neurons regulate secretion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor by skeletal muscle cells in culture

Cholinergic neurons regulate secretion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor by skeletal muscle cells in culture

Experimental Design Affects Social Behavior Outcomes in Adult Zebrafish Developmentally Exposed to Lead

Morphological deformities and recovery, accumulation and elimination of lead in body tissues of Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, early life stages: a laboratory study

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