Lead Leachability in Firing Range Soils

Dermatas, Dimitris; Menounou, Nektaria; Dadachov, Mike S.; Dutko, Paul; Shen, Gang; Xu, Xingjian; Tsaneva, V.

doi:10.1089/ees.2006.23.88

Cited by 31 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Acid leaching however, is not cost effective for soil fines, as the clay content tends to negatively impact the operational rates and efficiency of the soil washing plant (Battelle, 1997). Other remediation alternatives such as solidification/stabilization are generally favorable when metal contaminated soils have elevated clay contents or for segregated fines Meng, 1995, 1996;Dermatas et al, 2004). The concentrations of Pb, As, and Sb in the TCLP extracts of the SC-1 soil were found to be as high as 8,869 mg/L, 6.72 mg/L, and 6.42 mg/L (Table III), respectively, above the USEPA non-hazardous regulatory limit of 5 mg/L.…”

Section: Contamination and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate and behavior of metal(loid) contaminants in an organic matter-rich shooting range soil: Implications for remediation

Dermatas

Cao

Tsaneva

et al. 2006

Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus

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This study investigates the fate and behavior of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), antimony (Sb), and arsenic (As) in a shooting range soil. The soil samples were collected from the surface (0-15 cm) and the subsurface (15-40 cm and 40-55 cm) of a grassy and wood chip covered impact area behind a firing position. Optical microscopy images indicated significant amounts of corroded bullet fragments and organic wood chips in the surface soil. Analysis by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscopy electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) showed that metallic Pb was transformed into lead oxides (litharge PbO and massicot PbO) and lead carbonates (hydrocerussite Pb 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 , cerussite PbCO 3 , and plumbonacrite Pb 5 (CO 3 ) 3 O(OH) 2 ). Rietveld quantification indicated the surface soil contained 14.1% metallic Pb, 17.9% hydrocerussite, 5.2% plumbonacrite, 5.9% litharge, and 3.9% massicot on a dry weight basis, or a total of 39.7% Pb, far in excess of lead concentrations typically found in US shooting range soils. Metallic Cu (bullet jacket material) appeared stable as no secondary minerals were detected in the surface soil. As and Sb concentrations were on the order of 1,057 mg/kg and 845 mg/kg respectively. The elevated soil pH coupled with the high organic carbon content is thought to have caused downward migration of metals, especially for Pb, since 4,153 mg Pb/kg was observed at a depth of 55 cm. More than 60% of Pb was concentrated in the coarse soil (>0.425 mm) fraction, suggesting soil clean-up by physical soil washing may be viable. The concentrations of Pb, As, and Sb in the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) extracts were 8,869 mg/L, 6.72 mg/L, and 6.42 mg/L respectively, and were above the USEPA nonhazardous regulatory limit (As and Pb) of 5 mg/L. The elevated Sb and As concentrations draw concern because there is historically limited information concerning these metals at firing ranges and several values exceeded local soil cleanup criteria. As the high Pb concentrations appeared to be linked to the presence of organic-rich berm cover materials, the use of wood chips as berm cover to prevent soil erosion requires reconsideration as a shooting range management practice.

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Section: Contamination and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate and behavior of metal(loid) contaminants in an organic matter-rich shooting range soil: Implications for remediation

Dermatas

Cao

Tsaneva

et al. 2006

Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus

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“…Pb release was found to be affected by soil pH, soil organic matter and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil [1]. Dermatas et al [2] found that soil and Pb metallic fragment particle sizes played a dominant role in the rate and amount of Pb release. They also found that Pb release was affected by soil pH, buffering capacity and mineralogy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pb speciation versus TCLP release in army firing range soils

Dermatas

Shen

Chrysochoou

et al. 2006

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…Lead carbonate has been found to control lead leachability and precipitation in shooting ranges (Dermatas et al, 2006b). These may be one of the reasons why the bioavailability of Pb in range-O soil was low despite its elevated Pb concentration (7%).…”

Section: Implications For Management Of Shooting Range Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and physical characterization of lead in three shooting range soils in Florida

Fayiga

Saha

Lena³

2011

Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability

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To better understand the environmental impact of lead (Pb) in shooting range soils, Pb levels in three berm soils were characterized via size distribution, total Pb concentration, water-soluble Pb, sequential extraction and X-ray diffraction (XRD). About 60% of the mid-berm soils of ranges-G and -O existed in grain sizes between 0.5 and 0.25 mm (medium sand) while range-L was most abundant in the 0.25 -0.106 mm (fine sand) size fraction. All three range soils had the most accumulation of lead (60 -70%) in the very coarse sand size (2.0 -1.0 mm). In ranges-G and -L, the index shows a decreasing Pb enrichment with decreasing particle size, which may be a result of bullet fragmentation and abrasion in shooting range soils. Sequential extractions reveal that ranges-G and -L had the highest proportion of Pb bound to organic matter while range-O was dominated by the carbonate-bound fraction. However, a substantial proportion (one-third) of Pb in soil from the three shooting ranges was associated with carbonates. The XRD result revealed the dominance of carbonates in range-O soil, calcite in range-G soil and metallic lead in ranges-G and -O soil. The conversion of metallic lead to carbonates may be a mechanism for natural attenuation of lead in shooting range soils. Implications for remediation of shooting range soils are further discussed.

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Lead Leachability in Firing Range Soils

Cited by 31 publications

References 27 publications

Fate and behavior of metal(loid) contaminants in an organic matter-rich shooting range soil: Implications for remediation

Fate and behavior of metal(loid) contaminants in an organic matter-rich shooting range soil: Implications for remediation

Pb speciation versus TCLP release in army firing range soils

Chemical and physical characterization of lead in three shooting range soils in Florida

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