Lead leaching from inline brass devices: A critical evaluation of the existing standard

Dudi, Abhijeet; Schock, Michael; Murray, Nestor; Edwards, Marc

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2005.tb07451.x

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Hu et al (2006) observed an increase in hypertension from tibia Pb content of 8-37 ppm . Although significant fractions of PbB can be attributed to drinking water (Dudi et al, 2005;Triantafyllidou et al, 2007), other sources such as Pb paint, dust, and leaded gas can be the important sources of Pb (ATSDR, 2015).…”

Section: Gowd Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metals in drinking water: Occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries

Chowdhury

Mazumder

Al-Attas

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

796

296

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Heavy metals in drinking water pose a threat to human health. Populations are exposed to heavy metals primarily through water consumption, but few heavy metals can bioaccumulate in the human body (e.g., in lipids and the gastrointestinal system) and may induce cancer and other risks. To date, few thousand publications have reported various aspects of heavy metals in drinking water, including the types and quantities of metals in drinking water, their sources, factors affecting their concentrations at exposure points, human exposure, potential risks, and their removal from drinking water. Many developing countries are faced with the challenge of reducing human exposure to heavy metals, mainly due to their limited economic capacities to use advanced technologies for heavy metal removal. This paper aims to review the state of research on heavy metals in drinking water in developing countries; understand their types and variability, sources, exposure, possible health effects, and removal; and analyze the factors contributing to heavy metals in drinking water. This study identifies the current challenges in developing countries, and future research needs to reduce the levels of heavy metals in drinking water.

show abstract

Section: Gowd Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metals in drinking water: Occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries

Chowdhury

Mazumder

Al-Attas

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

796

296

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Wang et al (2012) used 0.22 polyethersulfone (PES) syringe filters to separate dissolved lead in lead(IV) oxide formation studies. Dudi et al (2005) specified the use of 0.45-μm nylon syringe filters to quantify soluble lead leached from lead pipes. Studies by Lytle and Schock (2005) and Lytle et al (2009) used 25-mmdiameter 0.2 polypropylene (PP) syringe filters to separate soluble and particulate lead fractions during lead precipitation studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic evaluation of dissolved lead sorption losses to particulate syringe filter materials

Minning

Lytle

Pham

et al. 2015

Environ Monit Assess

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Distinguishing between soluble and particulate lead in drinking water is useful in understanding the mechanism of lead release and identifying remedial action. Typically, particulate lead is defined as the amount of lead removed by a 0.45-μm filter. Unfortunately, there is little guidance regarding selection of filter membrane material and little consideration to the possibility of the sorption of dissolved lead to the filter. The objective of this work was to examine the tendency of 0.45-μm syringe filter materials to adsorb lead. Tests were performed with water containing 40 and 24 μg/L soluble lead at pH 7 buffered with 50 mg C/L dissolved inorganic concentration (DIC). The amounts of lead sorbed greatly varied by filter, and only two filter types, polypropylene and mixed cellulose esters, performed well and are recommended. Great care must be taken in choosing a filter when filtering soluble lead and interpreting filter results.

show abstract

“…Whilst lead pipes are banned for use in many jurisdictions including Hong Kong, there has been increasing concern on the effect of lead-containing solder and pipe fixtures on excess lead concentration in drinking water. Previous studies suggested that the dissolution of Pb-based solder was a significant contributor of lead in drinking water; it is generally recognized that galvanic corrosion plays an important role in the lead release, which depends significantly on the chloride to sulfate concentration of the water. − As lead is usually added during the manufacturing of copper alloy fittings for improving machinability and corrosion control, brass fixtures (typically containing 2–8% lead) can also be a potential source of Pb in drinking water. − When copper pipes are connected with brass joints, galvanic corrosion can cause elevated Pb in water and the formation of lead particulates and scales on the pipe surface; the effect of sequencing of partially replaced lead pipes on lead leaching has also been studied. , More recently, the importance of particulate lead in drinking water and the effect of flow rate on stimulating particle suspension has received increasing attention. , In particular, it was found that, in pipelines where hydrocerussite is the dominated species, the total lead concentration is primarily dissolved lead under both stagnant and laminar flow conditions …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the Causes of Excess Lead in Drinking Water Supply Systems of Densely Populated High-Rise Buildings in Hong Kong

Chan

Chang

Choi

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Excess concentrations of lead (Pb) were found in tap water from drinking water supply systems of high-rise buildings in 11 public rental housing (PRH) estates in Hong Kong, posing threats to public health. The copper supply lines are fitted with lead-soldered connections and brass fixtures and faucets. The causes of excess lead are studied through field sampling on occupied households, experiments on prototype supply chains, and 3D numerical modeling. The tap water lead concentration of 129 households in the PRH estates was sampled using a specially designed protocol, revealing the highly variable lead concentration variations induced by sources along the supply chain. Lead concentration variation at consumer tap and its relation with various lead sources are studied in a full-scale test rig. A 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is successfully developed to interpret the time variation of lead concentrations at the consumer tap. Model predictions of the complex variation of dissolved lead are in good agreement with data and confirm lead solder in copper pipe connections as a major cause of the "lead water" episode in Hong Kong. The CFD calculations demonstrate the importance of turbulent diffusion and shear flow dispersion in the modeling of lead; the use of a "plug flow" approximation can result in significant overestimation of lead concentration. The findings provide a basis for lead risk assessment of different water sampling strategies in densely populated highrise buildings in Megacities.

show abstract

Lead leaching from inline brass devices: A critical evaluation of the existing standard

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Heavy metals in drinking water: Occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries

Heavy metals in drinking water: Occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries

Systematic evaluation of dissolved lead sorption losses to particulate syringe filter materials

Unraveling the Causes of Excess Lead in Drinking Water Supply Systems of Densely Populated High-Rise Buildings in Hong Kong

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About