Lead levels in milk and blood from donors to the Breast Milk Bank in Southern Brazil

Koyashiki, Gina Ayumi Kobayashi; Paoliello, Mônica Maria Bastos; Matsuo, Tiemi; Oliveira, Márcia Maria Benevenuto de; Mezzaroba, Leda; Carvalho, Maria de Fátima; Sakuma, Alice Momoyo; Turini, Conceição Aparecida; Vannuchi, Marli Terezinha Oliveira; Barbosa, Claudia Santiago Dias

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2009.12.001

Cited by 35 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…It is primarily related to the common presence of these toxic metals in the environment and thus inevitable exposure to their effect [26, 34]. The present study showed no excessive admissible levels of toxic metals supply.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

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Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Zinc in Breast Milk in Poland

Winiarska-Mieczan

2013

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Mother's milk is the fundamental food for infants. It contains proteins, fat, carbohydrates and essential metals which are necessary to ensure correct functioning of the organism. Unfortunately, breast milk is a potential source of toxic metals, which are dangerous for a baby. In Poland, previous research concerning the content of metals in breast milk was very scarce or its results were unavailable. The present study aimed at assessing the content of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in human breast milk, as well as estimating the mean weekly intake of these metals by breast-fed infants from Poland. The average concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were 2.114 μg/l, 6.331 μg/l, 0.137 mg/l and 1.623 mg/l, respectively. The admissible levels of supply of these toxic metals has not been exceeded, but their contents were high, particularly in 6-month-old infants (nearly 85 % TWI for Cd and nearly 70 % BMDL01 for Pb). The daily intake of Cu and Zn did not fully satisfy the infant's requirements determined by Polish standards and WHO recommendations. Since the lifestyle of lactating women has a direct influence on the content of these elements in breast milk, women should be educated in this respect with particular focus on eliminating tobacco smoking, both by breastfeeding mothers and by their direct environment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…Picciano [52] found that the breast milk of women over 30 contains more Zn and Cu than that of women under 30. By contrast, Koyashiki et al [34] and Khaghani et al [44] found no statistically significant effect of the woman's age on the content of Zn and Cu.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Zinc in Breast Milk in Poland

Winiarska-Mieczan

2013

Biol Trace Elem Res

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“…As shown in Table 4, the level of toxic elements in breast milk may vary in different countries and regions [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The values adopted in our study are above the some countries' data in spite of they were not on toxic level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

In which regions is breast-feeding safer from the impact of toxic elements from the environment?

Çınar

Ozdemir

Yücel

et al. 2011

Bosn J of Basic Med Sci

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Owing to its unique nutritional and immunological characteristics, breast milk is the most important food source for infants. But, children are at greater risk for exposure to environmental toxicants from breast milk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of environmental pollution on essential and toxic element contents of breast milk and determine the risky locations in our population. This study was conducted on women who were breastfeeding (n=90). Milk samples were collected at three locations in Marmara region, Turkey: highly industrialized region highly affected by pollution, urbanized region moderately and rural area that is affected little. Breast milk samples (5 mL) were collected at approximately one month postpartum (mature milk). The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in milk samples were compared to the milk samples coming from different locations. Lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, iron and manganese levels in the breast milk are highest and engrossing especially in rural areas compared to the other regions but cobalt, copper, zinc levels are highest in highly industrial areas. The levels of essential and toxic elements in breast milk can vary in different regions. The levels presented in our study are above some countries' data albeit not at toxic levels. Because of global effects, environmental pollution is not the problem for industrializing regions only. Rural area also may not be safe for breastfeed babies.

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“…between 1.0 and 10.0 μg L−l : Koyashiki et al, Ettinger et al, Chien et al, Kïrel et al, Ursinyova and Masanova, Anastacio et al, Hanning et al, Sowers et al, Gundacker et al /21,13,22–28/…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Levels in Human Milk and Children's Health Risk: A Systematic Review

Koyashiki¹,

Paoliello²,

Tchounwou³

2010

Reviews on Environmental Health

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Lead is a naturally-occurring element and industrially-produced metal that is highly toxic to children, causing intellectual and behavioral deficits, hyperactivity, fine motor function deficits, decreased intelligence quotient, hand-eye coordination, and problems in reaction time. Children’s exposure to lead occurs mainly through ingestion of contaminated food, water and soil. Few discussions have been held on the magnitude and potential risk associated with exposure from the consumption of breast milk. Hence, this paper was designed to systematically review the scientific literature on published epidemiologic studies, with an emphasis on the study design and analytical procedures used for Pb assessment in breast milk. From a total of 112 selected articles published since the 1980s, 11 met the inclusion criteria. A review of the data indicated that Pb levels varied from 0.15 to 6.1 μg L−1 in mature milk samples, from 0.48 to 14.6 μg L−1 in colostrums samples, and were non-detectable in some samples. The milk/blood ratio, which estimates the mean efficiency transfer of lead from blood to milk, varied between 0.01 and 0.48. The heterogeneity of methods revealed by our assessment of the published studies emphasizes the need for harmonization of study designs and sample collection and analysis protocols to reflect specific exposure scenarios. Human milk seems to be one of the feasible biological matrices for use as a biomarker for assessing children’s health risk to lead poisoning.

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Lead levels in milk and blood from donors to the Breast Milk Bank in Southern Brazil

Cited by 35 publications

References 39 publications

Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Zinc in Breast Milk in Poland

Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Zinc in Breast Milk in Poland

In which regions is breast-feeding safer from the impact of toxic elements from the environment?

Lead Levels in Human Milk and Children's Health Risk: A Systematic Review

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