This paper investigates the consensus problem for high-order multiagent systems with unknown control directions and directed communication constraints.To handle the problem of unknown control directions, a logic switching rule is established in the framework of fixed-time stability. Then, the consensus is achieved in two steps. A group of distributed fixed-time observers is designed to estimate the reference signals first. Based on these estimates and the designed logic switching rule, a novel control protocol is proposed for each follower system. Different from the existing results, the consensus is achieved with a fixed-time convergence rate, and the unknown control directions are allowed to be nonidentical for each agent. Finally, simulation results are given to exhibit the validity of the proposed method.tracking has been achieved for high-order multiagent systems under an undirected communication graph. Furthermore, for multiagent systems with nonholonomic chained-form dynamics and a directed communication graph, this problem has been considered by Ning and Han. 19 It is worth noting that the above results are obtained based on an assumption that the control directions of follower systems are clearly known.In practice, there indeed exist some systems whose control directions are unknown, and correspondingly, the control problems of these systems are more complex and difficult. 20 To handle the issue that the control directions are unknown, the Nussbaum function was first developed, 21 then much progress has been made in multiagent systems. [22][23][24][25] For multiagent systems where the unknown control directions of the follower systems are identical, the consensus problem has been studied in the work of Chen et al. 22 To allow the control direction of each agent to be nonidentical, a new Nussbaum function was developed in the work of Guo et al. 23 Unfortunately, these works can only guarantee the regulation/tracking errors to be asymptotically convergent since the time derivative of the overall Lyapunov function cannot been ensured to be negative definite. According to the practical demand, recently, for a single system with an unknown control direction, global finite-time stability has been obtained in the works of Chen et al 26 and Wu et al. 27 In the work of Chen et al, 26 a switching function and a logic switching rule are designed to search the right control direction. When there are multiple unknown control directions in the system, this problem has been solved in the work of Wu et al. 27 However, up to now, there is no result that guarantees the consensus to be achieved in finite time for multiagent systems with unknown control directions. Moreover, different from a single system, the reference signals can only be obtained by a part of follower systems, and followers may have different control directions, which leads to the design being much more complex. Last but not the least, the directed communication networks also increase the difficulties in the stability analysis since the interactions are...