Leadless pacemaker implantation via azygos vein in a patient with absence of the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava

Leadless Pacemaker Implantation in Severe Kyphosis

“…There have been several reports related to anatomical complex patients. 3 , 4 , 5 A preoperative CT scan can reveal various anatomic abnormalities and is useful for LP implantation planning. However, there are limited reports of cases involving kyphosis.…”

Transcatheter leadless permanent pacemaker in complex congenital heart disease with interrupted inferior vena cava: A challenging implantation

“…In general, implantation of transvenous pacemaker in patients with complex congenital heart disease may be technically demanding due to altered venous anatomy and increased risk of infection and embolization, etc [ 3 ]. Transcatheter leadless pacemaker may be a better choice in this context because they eliminate complications related to lead extraction and have lower rate of venous thrombosis and infection compared to conventional pacemakers both at short-term and long-term follow-up [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Strategies to overcome complicated situations in leadless pacemaker implantation

“…6 It has also been reported that a leadless pacemaker could be implanted via the azygos vein in the absence of the hepatic segment of the IVC. 7 Therefore, when the femoral vein access is not a feasible option for the TPS implant, other vein possibilities should be considered as a rescue strategy for implanting a leadless pacemaker (Figure 1). However, we should fully evaluate the benefit of the leadless pacemaker and the risk of the unapproved procedure.…”