Leaf Cuticular Morphology Links Platanaceae and Proteaceae

Carpenter, Raymond J.; Hill, Robert S.; Jordan, Gregory J.

doi:10.1086/431806

Cited by 79 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…1. An anatomical character that supports the position of Bellendena as sister group to the rest of the Proteaceae is its possession of laterocytic stomata, in common with Platanus and unlike all other Proteaceae, which have brachyparacytic stomata (Carpenter et al 2005). Putative autapomorphies of the Bellendenoideae include the mostly ebracteate flowers, winged fruit and chromosome number of n = 5 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera

Weston¹,

Barker²

2006

Telopea

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A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae is presented that takes account of available molecular systematic results, synthesised as a phylogenetic supertree. Subfamilial, tribal and subtribal names are recircumscribed or created, where necessary, to ensure the putative monophyly of named higher taxa. Subfamilies, tribes and subtribes are briefly described. One new subfamily, Symphionematoideae, two new tribes, Petrophileae, Leucadendreae, and four new subtribes, Leucadendreae subtribe Isopogoninae, Leucadendreae subtribe Leucadendrinae, Macadamieae subtribe Malagasiinae and Macadamieae subtribe Virotiinae are named. Information is provided on the number of species currently recognised in, and distribution of, each genus, and the most recent generic taxonomic treatments are cited. Challenges to the monophyly of some genera are briefly discussed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera

Weston¹,

Barker²

2006

Telopea

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“…S27-S30)]. The remainder could not be placed into groups, because the Australian sclerophyll flora shows high levels of morphological convergence and apart from Proteaceae and Ericaceae (26)(27)(28)(29), has poorly known anatomy. For example, superficially similar small, linear entire leaves with tightly revolute margins occur within Proteaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Ericaceae, Dilleniaceae, Tremandraceae, Frankeniaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Polygalaceae.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fossil evidence for a hyperdiverse sclerophyll flora under a non–Mediterranean-type climate

Sniderman

Jordan

Cowling

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The spectacular diversity of sclerophyll plants in the Cape Floristic Region in South Africa and Australia's Southwest Floristic Region has been attributed to either explosive radiation on infertile soils under fire-prone, summer-dry climates or sustained accretion of species under inferred stable climate regimes. However, the very poor fossil record of these regions has made these ideas difficult to test. Here, we reconstruct ecological-scale plant species richness from an exceptionally well-preserved fossil flora. We show that a hyperdiverse sclerophyll flora existed under high-rainfall, summerwet climates in the Early Pleistocene in southeastern Australia. The sclerophyll flora of this region must, therefore, have suffered subsequent extinctions to result in its current relatively low diversity. This regional loss of sclerophyll diversity occurred at the same time as a loss of rainforest diversity and cannot be explained by ecological substitution of species of one ecological type by another type. We show that sclerophyll hyperdiversity has developed in distinctly non-Mediterranean climates, and this diversity is, therefore, more likely a response to long-term climate stability. Climate stability may have both reduced the intensity of extinctions associated with the Pleistocene climate cycles and promoted the accumulation of species richness by encouraging genetic divergence between populations and discouraging plant dispersal.macrofossil flora | species diversity | species-area curve | glacial-interglacial cycles M editerranean climate regions support ∼20% of vascular plant species on 5% of Earth's surface (1) and show positive anomalies in the latitudinal plant species diversity gradient. Researchers have used two approaches to explain this gradient. The first approach emphasizes the importance of contemporary environmental processes. For example, some models use energy and water availability to explain global patterns of diversity (2, 3). Alternatively, historical models focus on geological-scale processes and often invoke the contrasting antiquity of tropical vs. temperate climates. For example, the tropical conservatism hypothesis (4) argues that the high diversity of tropical floras accumulated over tens of millions of years during warm, ever-wet, early-middle Cenozoic climates. This model infers that temperate floras are depauperate because they were derived relatively recently from a small number of thermophilic lineages that were able to colonize novel temperate climates during the late Cenozoic.

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“…Stomatal traits that are considered of utility for fossil plant taxonomy and systematics are numerous, including stomatal presence or absence, size, geometry and orientation, and association with subsidiary cells (Table I), whether they are sunken, raised, or flush with epidermal cells or plugged with wax, are kidney or dumbbell shaped, are overarched by papillate subsidiary/epidermal cells, or are completely encircled by a ring of fused subsidiaries (Cleal and Zodrow, 1989;Hill and Pole, 1992;Carpenter and Jordan, 1997;Denk and Velitzelos, 2002;Krings et al, 2003;Carpenter et al, 2005;Kerp et al, 2006;Cleal, 2008;Pole, 2008;Hernandez-Castillo et al, 2009;Pott and McLoughlin, 2009;Bomfleur and Kerp, 2010;Cleal and Shute, 2012). Guard cell lignification (Lacourse et al, 2016), striations (Barclay et al, 2007), and the presence of two size classes of stomata, including giant stomata (Fišer Pe cnikar et al, 2012), have also been examined for taxonomic purposes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Paleoecology, Ploidy, Paleoatmospheric Composition, and Developmental Biology: A Review of the Multiple Uses of Fossil Stomata

McElwain

2017

Plant Physiol.

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ORCID IDs: 0000-0002-1729-6755 (J.C.M.); 0000-0002-7893-1142 (M.S.).The presence of stomata is a diagnostic trait of all living and extinct land plants with the exception of liverworts. They are preserved widely in the fossil record from anatomically pristine stomatal complexes on permineralized and charcoalified stems of the earliest land plants dating back .400 million years to isolated guard cell pairs in quaternary aged palynological samples. Detailed study of fossil stomatal complexes has been used to track the evolution of genome size and to reconstruct atmospheric composition, to circumscribe new species to science, and to bring ancient landscapes to life by providing both habitat information and insights on fossil plant ecophysiological function and life form. This review explores how fossil stomata can be used to advance our understanding of plant, environment, and atmospheric evolution over the Phanerozoic. We compare the utility of qualitative (e.g. presence/absence of stomatal crypts) versus quantitative stomatal traits (e.g. amphistomaty ratio) in paleoecological reconstructions. A case study on Triassic-Jurassic Ginkgoales is provided to highlight the methodological difficulty of teasing apart the effect of genome size, ploidy, and environment on guard cell size evolution across mass extinction boundaries. We critique both empirical and mechanistic stomatal-based models for paleoCO 2 reconstruction and highlight some key limitations and advantages of both approaches. Finally, we question if different stomatal developmental pathways have ecophysiological consequence for leaf gas exchange and ultimately the application of different stomatal-based CO 2 proxy methods. We conclude that most studies currently only capture a fraction of the potential invaluable information that can be gleaned from fossilized stomata and highlight future approaches to their study that better integrate across the disciplinary boundaries of paleobotany, developmental biology, paleoecology, and plant physiology.The fossil record of land plants (embryophytes) dates back unequivocally to the Middle Ordovician (;460 million years ago [mya]). This is supported by the presence of spore tetrads contained within an enveloping sporangium (Wellman et al., 2003). Since Wellman's discovery, the fossil spore record has revealed older and older spores of various morphologies (naked, enveloped) and configurations (singular, paired, etc.) that may eventually push back even further the accepted date of the oldest land plant (Wellman and Strother, 2015). This early phase in land plant evolution is complex to interpret, however, since no stomata have been discovered so far on the earliest fossilized land plants, suggesting perhaps that they may have been absent, as is the case for the early land plants' algal predecessors. As soon as sheets of fossilized cuticle with true stomata started to appear in Siluran aged (443-419 mya) sediment samples, our ability to taxonomically separate charophyacean algae from land plants based on fragmentary foss...

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Leaf Cuticular Morphology Links Platanaceae and Proteaceae

Cited by 79 publications

References 47 publications

A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera

A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera

Fossil evidence for a hyperdiverse sclerophyll flora under a non–Mediterranean-type climate

Paleoecology, Ploidy, Paleoatmospheric Composition, and Developmental Biology: A Review of the Multiple Uses of Fossil Stomata

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