Leaf shape and anatomy as indicators of phase change in the grasses: comparison of maize, rice, and bluegrass

Sylvester, Anne W.; Parker-Clark, Vickie; Murray, G. A.

doi:10.2307/3558377

Cited by 55 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In Pseudopanax crassifolius, there is an abrupt difference between juvenile, transitional and adult leaf shapes (Gould 1993). Sylvester et al (2001) found that leaf shape was a consistent indicator of phase change in three grass species, and leaf anatomy in one of them. However, changes in leaf characters may be present but are less obvious in olive trees, as well as in other species where phase changes remain unstudied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Morphological and anatomical evaluation of adult and juvenile leaves of olive plants

Moreno-Alías

León

Rosa

et al. 2008

Trees

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The olive tree (Olea europaea L.), like many other woody plants, has a long juvenile period in which the plant is not able to produce flowers. Knowledge of the moment when the plant is capable of flowering is important for breeding programs and also for determining the physiological basis for sexual reproductive behavior, but currently the only indicator of that moment is the actual flowering. In many species, the juvenile-to-adult phase shift includes changes in leaf structure known as heteroblasty, that is, varied form of successive leaves on the same plant. Some differences have been observed between juvenile and adult olive leaves, particularly in size and form, but to our knowledge, no complete systematic study has been carried out. In this research, we measured size, morphology and anatomy for juvenile and adult leaves of olive plants grown from seeds. Differences were found in most of the parameters studied, including leaf size, form, mesophyll thickness, layers of palisade parenchyma and quantity of peltate trichomes, which were generally significant but overlapping between the two leaf types. The most consistent and striking difference was the presence of an organized layer of subepidermal cells only in the abaxial mesophyll of adult leaves. This characteristic could be a simple and effective criterion of phase change in the olive tree.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Morphological and anatomical evaluation of adult and juvenile leaves of olive plants

Moreno-Alías

León

Rosa

et al. 2008

Trees

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“…In terms of leaf development, rice leaf primordia initiate only after the prior two leaves extend, producing a shoot apex with no more than three developing leaves at a given time. Maize produces leaf primordia more rapidly, so that at least five developing leaves are always apparent at the shoot apex (Sylvester et al, 2001). If MUTE is required during specific time periods when the stomatal lineage is initiating, then the different leaf initiation rates in the two grasses might require different levels or activities of MUTE.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Orthologs ofArabidopsis thalianastomatal bHLH genes and regulation of stomatal development in grasses

2009

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*Stomata are adjustable pores in the plant epidermis that regulate gas exchange between the plant and atmosphere; they are present on the aerial portions of most higher plants. Genetic pathways controlling stomatal development and distribution have been described in some detail for one dicot species, Arabidopsis, in which three paralogous bHLH transcription factors, FAMA, MUTE and SPCH, control discrete sequential stages in stomatal development. Orthologs of FAMA, MUTE and SPCH are present in other flowering plants. This observation is of particular interest when considering the grasses, because both the morphology of guard cells and their tissue distributions differ substantially between Arabidopsis and this group. By examining gene expression patterns, insertional mutants and cross-species complementation studies, we find evidence that FAMA function is conserved between monocots and dicots, despite their different stomatal morphologies, whereas the roles of MUTE and two SPCH paralogs are somewhat divergent.KEY WORDS: Stomata, Monocotyledon, Rice, Arabidopsis, Maize, bHLH Development 136, 2265Development 136, -2276Development 136, (2009 DEVELOPMENT 2266Stomatal development in grasses can be divided into five stages (Stebbins, 1960) (Fig. 1B). Here, stomatal development exhibits a strong spatiotemporal gradient with early stages taking place in the proximal portions of the leaf and guard cells differentiating later in distal regions. In stage one, cell files that are capable of forming stomata are determined (blue shading at leaf base, Fig. 1B). Asymmetric division of cells in these files (stage two, middle leaf section, Fig. 1B) generates GMCs as the smaller daughters. A second asymmetric division then occurs in the cells adjacent to the newly specified GMCs to produce a pair of subsidiary mother cells (SMCs), so at this third stage the guard cell complex consists of a GMC and two subsidiary cells. In the fourth stage, the GMC divides symmetrically into two box-shaped guard cells. During the final stage, guard cells undergo extensive elongation and morphogenetic changes to form the final pair of dumbbell-shaped cells with a central pore between them (red cells at tip of leaf, Fig. 1B) (Sack, 1994).Despite the differences in stomatal ontogeny, morphology and pattern between monocots and dicots, protein sequences of the key regulatory genes SPCH, MUTE and FAMA are highly conserved between representatives of these two angiosperm divisions. In this study, we identify likely orthologs of Arabidopsis SPCH, MUTE and FAMA in two grass species: rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays). Through mutation, transgenics, and by monitoring gene expression in situ, we demonstrate that there is significant conservation of function of the FAMA gene between monocots and dicots. By contrast, although MUTE and the two SPCH genes maintain some common functions in grasses, they have diverged in their roles and domains of expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant growth conditionsArabidopsis thaliana Columbia ecotype seeds were ste...

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“…It was reported that morphological and histological features of monocotyledon leaves can be indicators of phase change from juvenile to adult (Kerstetter and Poethig 1998, Orkwiszewski and Poethig 2000, Sylvester et al 2001. Some phase-specific traits of leaf identity have been determined (Lawson and Poethig 1995, Orkwiszewski and Poethig 2000, Sylvester et al 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural indicators of maize and barley leaf senescence

2006

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In this study we report on morphological and histochemical indicators of maize and barley leaf senescence. We determined how the traits such as distribution of stomata and hairs, presence of epicuticular wax, staining of tissues with toluidine blue, change with leaf age and within the leaf blade. We identified regions of young, non-mature leaves as exhibiting juvenile phase, regions with features typical for mature and fully differentiated leaves -as an adult phase and regions with traits of age damage as a senescing phase. Ultrastructural analysis of these regions of leaves gives a clear picture of the time development of the senescence process. Appearance of morphological and histological indicators of senescence in certain regions of leaf is correlated with ultrastructural changes of mesophyll cells of the same regions. We have thus found a relatively simple method of estimating the stage of senescence both in maize and barley.

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Leaf shape and anatomy as indicators of phase change in the grasses: comparison of maize, rice, and bluegrass

Cited by 55 publications

References 45 publications

Morphological and anatomical evaluation of adult and juvenile leaves of olive plants

Morphological and anatomical evaluation of adult and juvenile leaves of olive plants

Orthologs ofArabidopsis thalianastomatal bHLH genes and regulation of stomatal development in grasses

Morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural indicators of maize and barley leaf senescence

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