Leaf-to-shoot apex movement of symplastic tracer is restricted coincident with flowering in
            <i>Arabidopsis</i>

Gisel, Andreas; Hempel, Frederick D.; Barella, Sandra; Zambryski, Patricia

doi:10.1073/pnas.251675698

Cited by 75 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…This functional difference is most likely a result of their size difference, because both proteins are fully functional in the cells where they are produced. Similar to previous studies that have demonstrated that the inner central zone (L3) does not allow fluorescent tracer uploading from the vascular tissue (Gisel et al, 1999;Gisel et al, 2002), we observed much more limited lateral movement within the L3. Thus, intercellular movement needs to be considered in the context of the specific location and developmental stage within the plant.…”

Section: Movement Within and Between Tissue Layerssupporting

confidence: 90%

Modes of intercellular transcription factor movement in theArabidopsisapex

et al. 2003

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A recent and intriguing discovery in plant biology has been that some transcription factors can move between cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the floral identity protein LEAFY has strong non-autonomous effects when expressed in the epidermis, mediated by its movement into underlying tissue layers. By contrast, a structurally unrelated floral identity protein, APETALA1, has only limited non-autonomous effects. Using GFP fusions to monitor protein movement in the shoot apical meristem and in floral primordia of Arabidopsis, we found a strong correlation between cytoplasmic localization of proteins and their ability to move to adjacent cells. The graded distribution of several GFP fusions with their highest levels in the cells where they are produced is compatible with the notion that this movement is driven by diffusion. We also present evidence that protein movement is more restricted laterally within layers than it is from L1 into underlying layers of the Arabidopsis apex. Based on these observations, we propose that intercellular movement of transcription factors can occur in a non-targeted fashion as a result of simple diffusion. This hypothesis raises the possibility that diffusion is the default state for many macromolecules in the Arabidopsis apex, unless they are specifically retained.

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Section: Movement Within and Between Tissue Layerssupporting

confidence: 90%

Modes of intercellular transcription factor movement in theArabidopsisapex

et al. 2003

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“…However, the presence of PD structure per se does not ensure their functionality, because PD aperture fluctuates from closed to open to dilated during different stages of postgermination development (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Furthermore, PD have roles during complex morphogenesis, selectively allowing movement of some but not all proteins including transcription factors critical in cell-fate determination (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell-to-cell movement of GFP during embryogenesis and early seedling development in Arabidopsis

Kim

Cho²,

Crawford³

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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121

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There is increasing evidence for intercellular trafficking of macromolecules through plasmodesmata (PD) during plant development. Here we study the ability of PD to traffic proteins during embryogenesis and early seedling development in Arabidopsis. Transgenic lines that induce GFP expression only in meristems, MSG (meristem-specific GFP), were used to monitor GFP movement. Cell-to-cell movement of different-sized GFP reporters reveals that embryos and young seedlings traffic proteins at least 54 kDa in size. Although 27-kDa soluble GFP (1؋sGFP) freely moves between cells throughout the entire embryo during all stages analyzed, 2؋sGFP movement becomes more restricted as development proceeds. After germination, cells near the apical meristem in seedlings show a higher size exclusion limit (SEL), whereas the SEL becomes more restricted as surrounding tissues develop identities. Although 1؋sGFP moves throughout leaf primordia, as the leaf develops only the basal part of leaf petioles, main vascular tissues, and leaf veins (not blades) allow 1؋sGFP movement. Although previous studies showed that embryos allow movement of small symplastic tracers (0.5 kDa), the present data demonstrate that the embryo constitutes a single symplast that allows transport of macromolecules as well. Even 2؋sGFP moves from its site of expression at the apical meristem in embryos and seedlings, yet the extent of movement is more limited than 1؋sGFP. Thus, PD have distinct SELs in different subregions of the embryo and seedling. These studies support the general concept that PD in younger tissues are more dilated and less restrictive than PD in older (nonvascular) tissues.plasmodesmata ͉ symplast

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“…However, such a phenomenon has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. Plasmodesmata are highly dynamic structures and the traffic of molecules through them appears to be subject to a tight and complex regulation during the course of plant development (Duckett et al 1994;Rinne & van der Schoot 1998;Crawford & Zambryski 2001;Rinne et al 2001;Gisel et al 2002;I. Kim et al 2002).…”

Section: Keeping the Sheets Togethermentioning

confidence: 99%

Between the sheets: inter–cell–layer communication in plant development

Ingram

2004

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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The cells of plant meristems and embryos are arranged in an organized, and sometimes extremely beautiful, layered pattern. This pattern is maintained by the controlled orientation of cell divisions within layers. However, despite this layered structure, cell behaviour during plant development is not lineage dependent, and does not occur in a mosaic fashion. Many studies, both classical and recent, have shown that plant cell identity can be re-specified according to position, allowing plants to show remarkable developmental plasticity. However, the layered structure of meristems and the implications of this during plant development, remain subjects of some speculation. Of particular interest is the question of how cell layers communicate, and how communication between cell layers could allow coordinated developmental processes to take place. Recent research has uncovered several examples both of the molecular mechanisms by which cell layers can communicate, and of how this communication can infringe on developmental processes. A range of examples is used to illustrate the diversity of mechanisms potentially implicated in cell-layer communication during plant development.

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Leaf-to-shoot apex movement of symplastic tracer is restricted coincident with flowering in Arabidopsis

Cited by 75 publications

References 45 publications

Modes of intercellular transcription factor movement in theArabidopsisapex

Modes of intercellular transcription factor movement in theArabidopsisapex

Cell-to-cell movement of GFP during embryogenesis and early seedling development in Arabidopsis

Between the sheets: inter–cell–layer communication in plant development

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