Learned recognition of a novel odour by wild juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, under fully natural conditions

Leduc, Antoine O. H. C.; Roh, Ellie; Breau, Cindy; Brown, Grant E.

doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.005

Cited by 37 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Lastly, we recognize that the habitat selection of roach may be the result of instinctual responses or learned antipredator behaviors (Ferrari et al 2005;Leduc et al 2007) prompted by earlier attacks. Thus, conditioning experiments could investigate if the responses we observed are plastic, and therefore capable of evolving to meet the demands of temporally and spatially varying predator Welds and changing environmental conditions (e.g., increasing turbidity or loss of vegetated habitats).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential habitat use and antipredator response of juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus) to olfactory and visual cues from multiple predators

et al. 2010

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The indirect, behavioral effects of predation and predator-predator interactions can significantly alter the trophic ecology of many communities. In numerous instances, the strength of these effects may be determined by the ability of prey to identify predation risk through predator-specific cues and respond accordingly to avoid capture. We exposed juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus), a common forage fish in many brackish and freshwater environments, to vision and/or olfactory cues from two predators with different hunting methods: northern pike (Esox lucius, an ambush predator) and European perch (Perca fluviatilis, a roving predator). Our results demonstrated that responses of roach to perceived risk (as evidenced by their selection of structured or open-water habitats) were highly dependent on cue type and predator identity. For instance, roach responded to olfactory cues of pike by entering open-water habitat, but entered structured habitat when presented with a vision cue of this predator. Opposite responses were elicited from roach for both olfactory and visual cues of perch. Interestingly, roach defaulted to selection of structured habitat when presented with vision + olfaction cues of either predator. Moreover, when presented individual cues of both predators together, roach responded by choosing open-water habitat. Upon being presented with vision + olfaction cues of both predators, however, roach strongly favored structured habitat. Differences in habitat selection of roach were likely in response to the alternative foraging strategies of the two predators, and suggest that prey species may not always use structured habitats as protection. This appears particularly true when a threat is perceived, but cannot immediately be located. These results provide insight to the complex and variable nature by which prey respond to various cues and predators, and offer a mechanistic guide for how behaviorally mediated and predator-predator interactions act as structuring processes in aquatic systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential habitat use and antipredator response of juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus) to olfactory and visual cues from multiple predators

et al. 2010

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“…Recent studies by Leduc et al (2004aLeduc et al ( , 2006Leduc et al ( , 2010 demonstrate that juvenile salmonids are unable to detect conspecific alarm cues under weakly acidic conditions in laboratory and field trials. Moreover, the ability to learn (Leduc et al 2004b(Leduc et al , 2007a(Leduc et al , 2007b and retain (Smith et al 2008) predator recognition is likewise impaired under weakly acidic conditions. Moreover, what remains unknown is whether such a sublethal effect on risk assessment and learning has real fitness consequences for prey fishes.…”

Section: Anthropogenic Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, one factor that deserves attention is the potential impact of abiotic conditions on chemically mediated learning in wild populations. While Leduc et al (2007aLeduc et al ( , 2007b have shown that juvenile Atlantic salmon can acquire the recognition of novel odours in natural streams, C.J. Macnaughton & G.E.…”

Section: Field-based Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning about Danger: Chemical Alarm Cues and Threat‐Sensitive Assessment of Predation Risk by Fishes

Brown

Ferrari

Chivers

2011

Fish Cognition and Behavior

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“…Furthermore, the results suggest that prey may be able to obtain pertinent information about the current threat posed by a predator and that prey use such cues to refine their antipredator responses. Studies have demonstrated that prey can learn to recognise almost any novel odour as a risk, including ecologically irrelevant odours, when paired with a chemical alarm cue (Leduc et al 2007;Ferrari et al 2010a). We might have expected prey to incorporate diet cues into the characteristics of a predator signature they learn.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet cues alter the development of predator recognition templates in tadpoles

Mitchell

Ferrari

Lucon‐Xiccato

et al. 2016

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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Recognising predators accurately is key to making fine-scale adjustments to behaviour that enhance survival and maximise overall fitness for prey. Prey incorporate information from specific predator features in order to recognise predators and the risk they pose. For olfactory cues, prey can use both predator odour and diet cues to recognise predators. The role of diet cues in predator recognition has only been tested when they provide information about risk and act as an unconditioned stimulus. Thus, it is unclear whether prey use diet cues in the development of more general predator recognition templates. Here, we tested whether diet cues that contain no apparent information about the prey's vulnerability to the predator are used by prey when they learn to recognise predators. We trained predator-naive wood frog tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus) to recognise the odour of a novel crayfish (Orconectes virilis) as risky by pairing tadpole alarm cues with the odour of crayfish fed one of two diets: alfalfa pellets or earthworms (Lumbricus sp.). We tested tadpoles from each group for their response to one of the two crayfish diet odour combinations or a water control. Tadpoles displayed antipredator responses to crayfish odour, irrespective of diet. However, their responses were stronger when tadpoles were exposed to crayfish fed the same diet as during training. Such results demonstrate that diet cues play a previously unrecognised but subtle role in predator recognition and suggest that flexibility in prey choice can lead to an advantage for the predator. Significance statementRecognising predators and the threat they pose is critical for prey to adjust their behaviour in response to fluctuations in predation risk. There is therefore a need to understand how prey use different cues to develop effective recognition templates that allow for threat-sensitive adjustments to behaviour. Here, we demonstrate that diet cues of predators contribute to the development of predator recognition templates by prey. These results provide new information about how prey develop recognition templates for predators and that, by incorporating diet cues, they are able to adjust their responses to variable risk posed by different predators within a population. Additionally, we suggest that generalist diets may provide unrecognised benefits to predators when switching between prey types.

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Learned recognition of a novel odour by wild juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, under fully natural conditions

Cited by 37 publications

References 52 publications

Differential habitat use and antipredator response of juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus) to olfactory and visual cues from multiple predators

Differential habitat use and antipredator response of juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus) to olfactory and visual cues from multiple predators

Learning about Danger: Chemical Alarm Cues and Threat‐Sensitive Assessment of Predation Risk by Fishes

Diet cues alter the development of predator recognition templates in tadpoles

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