“…According to Ghalley and Rai (2019) , these factors include age, gender, willingness to communicate, course level, student preparation, and emotions such as confidence or fear. Additional factors such as socioeconomic background, the ability to adapt to a new online learning environment, and low self-efficacy can also affect nursing students’ academic participation and performance ( Dube & Mlotshwa, 2018 ; Munangatire & Indjamba, 2023 ). Prior studies have also suggested that successful learning engagement is influenced by course design, peer pressure, confidence, and online teachers ( Koob et al, 2021 ).…”