Learning, memory, and glial cell changes following recovery from chronic unpredictable stress

TNF-alpha inhibition prevents cognitive decline and maintains hippocampal BDNF levels in the unpredictable chronic mild stress rat model of depression

“…On the other hand, more recent approaches to the models of depression include the memory function deficits in addition to the typical affective alterations. Consistent with the known effects of stress on the hippocampus-dependent memory functions, animal studies that utilized spatial memory tests in the stress models of depression have shown that the acquisition and/or retention of spatial memories were negatively affected by the stress-manipulations [8,10,[29][30][31][32][33][34]. These results are consistent with the findings of the current study regarding the MWM test.…”

“…Chronic mild stress does not only lead to depression-like behaviors suggesting alteration in affective processes but also impaired cognitive performance as assessed in several learning and memory paradigms such as Morris water maze and object recognition test [8][9][10]. Among the multiple neurochemical changes that occur in response to stressors, excessive inflammation processes is thought to play a major role in resultant cognitive impairments [11].…”

Stress-Induced Microglia Activation and Monocyte Trafficking to the Brain Underlie the Development of Anxiety and Depression

“…Microglia plays a pivotal role in immune monitoring in the CNS, and when activated displays similar immune functions as peripheral macrophages, including the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and prostaglandins [42]. Several studies have demonstrated that microglia are activated and increase neuroinflammatory signaling after stress exposure [7,9,19,[52][53][54][55][56]. Minocycline ameliorated the expression of IL-1 β in the brain after foot shock [57].…”

Chronic stress exacerbates neuronal loss associated with secondary neurodegeneration and suppresses microglial-like cells following focal motor cortex ischemia in the mouse

“…Indeed, it has been estimated that two-thirds of these patients experience little reduction in their level of distress across the 6 months post-stroke (Hilari et al, 2010). Interestingly, stress has also been shown, in preclinical studies, to significantly perturb microglial activities both acutely and chronically (Bian et al, 2012;Frank et al, 2012;Hinwood et al, 2012a,b;Nair and Bonneau, 2006;Sugama et al, 2009a;Tynan et al, 2010).…”