“…Furthermore, kinds of classroom talk students experience shape type, scope, and quality of learning likely to occur. Understanding ways types of student talk mediate learning of language and content, and ways teachers can invite and support student contributions are of central importance to English language learning (ELL) communities (Blackledge & Creese, 2009; Boyd, 2012a; Boyd & Kong; 2015; Boyd & Maloof, 2000; Echevarria, Short, & Powers, 2006; Haneda & Wells, 2008, 2010; Johnson, 2006; Rubin & Kang, 2008; Vaish, 2013; Valdés, 2004; Verplaetse, 2000). Student talk in the target language, as an individual contribution of comprehensible output (Swain, 1995) and as collaborative dialogic interaction (Haneda & Wells, 2008; Pica, 1994; Purdy, 2008), develops discursive, communicative, and academic competencies.…”