Learning to See the Invisible: Discovery and Measurement of Ozone

Farrell, Alex

doi:10.1007/s10661-005-0762-1

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 115 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The odor of ozone (O 3 ) produced by electrical discharge through ambient air was noticed in 1785 by Martin van Marum. [ 118 ] Fifty‐four years later (1839), Christian Friedrich Schönbein sensed the same peculiar odor from the oxygen generated during electrolysis of acidulated water. He named it ozone (from the Greek verb “ozein”: to smell), as a discrete gas.…”

Section: Mgt Investigation For Tissue Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Gas Therapy for Tissue, Organ, and CNS Protection: A Systematic Review of Effects, Mechanisms, and Challenges

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Gaseous molecules have been increasingly explored for therapeutic development. Here, following an analytical background introduction, a systematic review of medical gas research is presented, focusing on tissue protections, mechanisms, data tangibility, and translational challenges. The pharmacological efficacies of carbon monoxide (CO) and xenon (Xe) are further examined with emphasis on intracellular messengers associated with cytoprotection and functional improvement for the CNS, heart, retina, liver, kidneys, lungs, etc. Overall, the outcome supports the hypothesis that readily deliverable "biological gas" (CO, H 2 , H 2 S, NO, O 2 , O 3 , and N 2 O) or "noble gas" (He, Ar, and Xe) treatment may preserve cells against common pathologies by regulating oxidative, inflammatory, apoptotic, survival, and/or repair processes. Specifically, CO, in safe dosages, elicits neurorestoration via igniting sGC/cGMP/MAPK signaling and crosstalk between HO-CO, HIF-1𝜶/VEGF, and NOS pathways. Xe rescues neurons through NMDA antagonism and PI3K/Akt/HIF-1𝜶/ERK activation. Primary findings also reveal that the need to utilize cutting-edge molecular and genetic tactics to validate mechanistic targets and optimize outcome consistency remains urgent; the number of neurotherapeutic investigations is limited, without published results from large in vivo models. Lastly, the broad-spectrum, concurrent multimodal homeostatic actions of medical gases may represent a novel pharmaceutical approach to treating critical organ failure and neurotrauma.

show abstract

Section: Mgt Investigation For Tissue Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Gas Therapy for Tissue, Organ, and CNS Protection: A Systematic Review of Effects, Mechanisms, and Challenges

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Measurement of atmospheric composition can be traced back to the determination in 1749 of nitrate and chloride in rain water by German chemist Andreas Marggraf [28][29][30]; however, the first compositional measurements on a large spatial scale were carried out in the 1850s to understand the impacts of ground-level ozone (O 3 ) (Table 1) [31]. A method for measurement of O 3 using colour changes in test papers impregnated with starch-iodine was developed by Christian Schoenbein.…”

Section: Historical Measurements 1850s-1940smentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights from a Chronology of the Development of Atmospheric Composition Monitoring Networks Since the 1800s

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:Ground-based monitoring networks for evaluating atmospheric composition relevant to impacts on human health and the environment now exist worldwide (according to the United Nations Environment Programme, 48% of countries have an air quality monitoring system). Of course, this has not always been the case. Here, we analyse for the first time the key developments in network coordination and standardisation over the last 150 years that underpin the current implementations of city-scale to global monitoring networks for atmospheric composition. Examples include improvements in respect of site type and site representativeness, measurement methods, quality assurance, and data archiving. From the 1950s, these developments have progressed through two distinct types of network: those designed for the protection of human health, and those designed to increase scientific understanding of atmospheric composition and its interaction with the terrestrial environment. The step changes in network coordination and standardisation have increased confidence in the comparability of measurements made at different sites. Acknowledged limitations in the current state of monitoring networks include a sole focus on compliance monitoring. In the context of the unprecedented volumes of atmospheric composition data now being collected, we suggest the next developments in network standardisation should include more integrated analyses of monitor and other relevant data within "chemical climatology" frameworks that seek to more directly link the impacts, state and drivers of atmospheric composition. These approaches would also enhance the role of monitoring networks in the development and evaluation of air pollution mitigation strategies.

show abstract

“…Owing to the importance of ozone for the Earth's atmosphere, the history of atmospheric ozone research has received much attention. Over the years, many papers and books have appeared describing various aspects of ozone research and in various levels of detail (DOB- SON, 1968;KHRGIAN, 1975;TUCK, 1978;DOTTO and SCHIFF, 1978;HERRMANN, 1982;CRUTZEN, 1988;FARMAN, 1989;CRUTZEN, 1996;SOLOMON, 1999;RUBIN, 2001;STOLARSKI, 2001;SOLOMON, 2004;FARRELL, 2005). The history of ozone research in the last several decades is furthermore a good example of the knowledge cycle in geosciences today, where field measurements and laboratory studies are combined to advance the understanding of processes leading to an improvement of numerical models, and the results and forecasts of the numerical models are then confronted again with measurements (BRASSEUR, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A brief history of stratospheric ozone research

Müller¹

2009

metz

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ozone is one of the most important trace species in the atmosphere. Therefore, the history of research on ozone has also received a good deal of attention. Here a short overview of ozone research (with a focus on the stratosphere) is given, starting from the first atmospheric measurements and ending with current developments. It is valuable to study the history of ozone research, because much can be learned for current research from an understanding of how previous discoveries were made. Moreover, since the 1970s, the history of ozone research has also encompassed also the history of the human impact on the ozone layer and thus the history of policy measures taken to protect the ozone layer, notably the Montreal Protocol and its amendments and adjustments. The history of this development is particularly important because it may serve as a prototype for the development of policy measures for the protection of the Earth's climate. Zusammenfassung Ozon ist einer der wichtigsten Spurenstoffe in der Atmosphäre. Daher wurde auch der Geschichte der Ozonforschung viel Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Hier wird ein kurzerÜberblicküber die Ozonforschung gegeben (mit dem Fokus auf der Stratosphäre); beginnend mit den ersten atmosphärischen Ozonmessungen und endend mit aktuellen Entwicklungen. Das Studium der Geschichte der Ozonforschung ist hilfreich, da man für die aktuelle Forschung viel lernen kann, wenn man versteht, wie frühere Entdeckungen gemacht wurden. Seit den siebziger Jahren des vergangenen Jahrhunderts umfasst die Geschichte der Ozonforschung darüberhinaus die Geschichte des Einflusses des Menschen auf die Ozonschicht und damit auch die Geschichte der politischen Maßnahmen, die getroffen wurden, um die Ozonschicht zu schützen; vor allem das Montreal Protokoll sowie seine Anpassungen und Ergänzungen. Die Geschichte dieser Entwicklungen ist insbesonders von Bedeutung, da sie als Modell für die Entwicklung von politischen Maßnahmen zum Schutz des Klimas der Erde dienen kann.

show abstract

Learning to See the Invisible: Discovery and Measurement of Ozone

Cited by 4 publications

References 115 publications

Medical Gas Therapy for Tissue, Organ, and CNS Protection: A Systematic Review of Effects, Mechanisms, and Challenges

Medical Gas Therapy for Tissue, Organ, and CNS Protection: A Systematic Review of Effects, Mechanisms, and Challenges

Insights from a Chronology of the Development of Atmospheric Composition Monitoring Networks Since the 1800s

A brief history of stratospheric ozone research

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About