Least Square Prediction Error Expansion Based Reversible Watermarking for DNA Sequence

Lee, Suk-Hwan; Kwon, Seong-Geun; Kwon, Ki-Ryong

doi:10.5573/ieie.2015.52.11.066

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…(DE, Difference expansion) [11] 및 최소자승 오차 (LS-PE, Least square prediction error) 확장 기반 [12] 과로부터 제안한 방법의 워터마크 용량이 LS-PE 방법 [12] 보다 0.120~0.194 bpn 정도 높고, Chen 방법 [8] 과 Huang 방법 [9] 보다 0.5 bpn 정도 높음을 확인하였다. 또 한 기존 Chen 방법 [8] 과 Huang 방법 [9] 은 허이개시코돈 이 발생되었으나, 제안한 방법과 LS-PE 방법 [12] 에서는 허위개시코돈이 발생되지 않음을 확인하였다.…”

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Reversible DNA Information Hiding based on Circular Histogram Shifting

Lee¹,

Kwon²,

Kwon³

2016

Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Enginee

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DNA computing technology makes the interests on DNA storage and DNA watermarking / steganography that use the DNA information as a newly medium. DNA watermarking that embeds the external watermark into DNA information without the biological mutation needs the reversibility for the perfect recovery of host DNA, the continuous embedding and detecting processing, and the mutation analysis by the watermark. In this paper, we propose a reversible DNA watermarking based on circular histogram shifting of DNA code values with the prevention of false start codon, the preservation of DNA sequence length, and the high watermark capacity, and the blind detection. Our method has the following features. The first is to encode nucleotide bases of 4-character variable to integer code values by code order. It makes the signal processing of DNA sequence easy. The second is to embed the multiple bits of watermark into -order coded value by using circular histogram shifting. The third is to check the possibility of false start codon in the inter or intra code values. Experimental results verified the our method has higher watermark capacity 0.11~0.50 bpn than conventional methods and also the false start codon has not happened in our method.

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“…또 한 기존 Chen 방법 [8] 과 Huang 방법 [9] 은 허이개시코돈 이 발생되었으나, 제안한 방법과 LS-PE 방법 [12] 에서는 허위개시코돈이 발생되지 않음을 확인하였다. [11] 과 최소자승 예측오차 확장 (LS-PE) [12] 기반으로 다중 비트를 은닉하는 방법을 제안하였다. …”

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Reversible DNA Information Hiding based on Circular Histogram Shifting

Lee¹,

Kwon²,

Kwon³

2016

Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Enginee

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“…Through experiments, we evaluate the capacity efficiency of watermark bpn versus extra data bpn and the occurrence of false start/stop codons for our NHS-and CHS-based methods as well as for the methods described by Chen [19], Huang et al [20], and Lee et al (LS-PE) [18]. Extra data capacity is required for detecting the watermark and recovering the original sequence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, Huang et al [20] used a histogram with low modification rates. Lee and Kwon presented consecutive DE multiple bit embedding (CDE-MBE) [17] and least-squares-based prediction error expansion (LS-PE) [18] of neighbor code values of noncoding DNA sequences while preventing a false start codon. They reported that LS-PE has 0.36 bits per nucleotide base (bpn) more than CDE-MBE [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lee and Kwon presented consecutive DE multiple bit embedding (CDE-MBE) [17] and least-squares-based prediction error expansion (LS-PE) [18] of neighbor code values of noncoding DNA sequences while preventing a false start codon. They reported that LS-PE has 0.36 bits per nucleotide base (bpn) more than CDE-MBE [18]. Other methods [30][31][32][33] use substitution by the complementary rule of base pairs with a reference DNA sequence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reversible Data Hiding for DNA Sequence Using Multilevel Histogram Shifting

Lee

2018

Security and Communication Networks

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A large number of studies have examined DNA storage to achieve information hiding in DNA sequences with DNA computing technology. However, most data hiding methods are irreversible in that the original DNA sequence cannot be recovered from the watermarked DNA sequence. This study presents reversible data hiding methods based on multilevel histogram shifting to prevent biological mutations, preserve sequence length, increase watermark capacity, and facilitate blind detection/recovery. The main features of our method are as follows. First, we encode a sequence of nucleotide bases with four-character symbols into integer values using the numeric order. Second, we embed multiple bits in each integer value by multilevel histogram shifting of noncircular type (NHS) and circular type (CHS). Third, we prevent the generation of false start/stop codons by verifying whether a start/stop codon is included in an integer value or between adjacent integer values. The results of our experiments confirmed that the NHSand CHS-based methods have higher watermark capacities than conventional methods in terms of supplementary data used for decoding. Moreover, unlike conventional methods, our methods do not generate false start/stop codons.

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A reversible watermarking for DNA sequence using an adaptive least square prediction error expansion

Lee

Kwon

2020

NOLTA

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With the development of bio-computing technology, the research for DNA watermarking, which considers DNA information a medium, has been showing interest. In particular, there is a need for a reversible DNA watermarking technology capable of DNA storage and forgery prevention of DNA sequence, and analyzing biological mutation processes by watermark while recovering perfectly the original DNA sequence. In this paper, we address a reversible watermarking method for noncoding DNA sequences using an adaptive prediction error expansion based on least square predictor. In our method, the 4-character nucleotide sequences of the noncoding region are converted into code values by the adjacent n nucleotide bases. Then, a least squares based prediction error for the current code coefficient is obtained, and this prediction error is expanded adaptively by the number of bits determined according to the condition of prediction error expansion. Here, a false start codon generation is prevented through a comparison search between the watermarked adjacent base sequences. The experimental results showed that our method has a higher watermark capacity than the conventional method and the mean prediction error extension method, and does not generate biological mutations and false start codons.

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Least Square Prediction Error Expansion Based Reversible Watermarking for DNA Sequence

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Reversible DNA Information Hiding based on Circular Histogram Shifting

Reversible DNA Information Hiding based on Circular Histogram Shifting

Reversible Data Hiding for DNA Sequence Using Multilevel Histogram Shifting

A reversible watermarking for DNA sequence using an adaptive least square prediction error expansion

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