Legal cynicism, but not depression, mediates the link between adverse environmental factors and youth’s political violence support

Abstract

Acknowledgements:We would like to thank our 54 test supervisors who helped to conduct study 2 as well as all research assistants and interns involved in data collection.

Is radicalization a family issue? A systematic review of family‐related risk and protective factors, consequences, and interventions against radicalization

“…Family violence included variables such as parental violence and harsh treatment (Baier et al, 2016; Clemmow, 2020; Dhumad et al, 2020; Jahnke et al, 2021; Vukcevic Markovic et al, 2021), violence between parents (Manzoni et al, 2019) and being a perpetrator of domestic abuse (Clemmow, 2020). A meta‐analysis of these studies (see Figure 9) showed that the relation between family violence and radicalization was nonsignificant ( z = 0.052, 95% CI = −0.032, 0.135), with heterogeneous studies ( Q = 39.217, df = 5, p < 0.001, I 2 = 87.250).…”

“…Studies in the field can sometimes report multiple and similar variables using the same sample (e.g., discussed politics with mother in relation to radicalization and discussed politics with father in relation to radicalization, European Values Study, 2008), data from the same project can be published in multiple documents (e.g., a doctoral thesis and a journal article, Clemmow, 2020; Clemmow et al, 2020), and data from one project can be reported taking into account different subsamples in the same paper or in different papers (e.g., males and females, Jahnke et al, 2021).…”

“…Regarding measures of radicalization and family factors, only studies where all reliability coefficients were above 0.75 were scored as higher quality. Thus, studies where some family factors had reliability coefficients below 0.75 and other family factors had reliability coefficients above 0.75 were scored as lower quality (e.g., Jahnke et al, 2021). Quality of measures in studies which measured only demographic factors such as marital status (and similar) was also rated as higher because it was not reasonable to expect reliability coefficients of such measures.…”

“…Family violence included variables such as parental violence and harsh treatment (Baier et al, 2016;Clemmow, 2020;Dhumad et al, 2020;Jahnke et al, 2021;Vukcevic Markovic et al, 2021), violence between parents (Manzoni et al, 2019) and being a perpetrator of domestic abuse (Clemmow, 2020). A meta-analysis of these studies (see Figure 9) showed that the relation between Although the effect based on Western samples showed that family violence was related to more radicalization, Dhumad et al (2020) who studied convicted terrorists in Iraq found that harsh treatment by parents was more common among controls than among terrorists.…”

“…These studies included parental right-wing extremism (Boehnke, 2017), and spouse involved in a wider movement (Clemmow, 2020). Boehnke (2017) Variables included in this factor were importance of family (European Values Study, 2008;Moskalenko & McCauley, 2009; studies 1 and 2), feeling that parents are important (Kuhn, 2004), family cohesion (Goede et al, 2020;Jahnke et al, 2021), leisure time with parents (Kuhn, 2004), parental involvement (Nivette et al, 2017), parental care (Baier et al, 2016;Manzoni et al, 2019), and democratic parenting (Wildan & Qibtiyah, 2020). Duval and Tweedie´s trim and fill did not trim any studies, and the effect was not reduced to nonsignificant after removing any of the included studies.…”