Lehrbuch der botanik nach dem gegenwärtigen stand der wissenschaft

Sachs, Julius

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.1332

Cited by 39 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…For many plant families and genera he annotated a much-reduced formula in which he gave the number for each floral whorl from the periphery to the centre of the flower (e.g., he annotated for Ranunculaceae "5, 5, ∞, ∞", indicating 5 sepals, 5 petals, many stamens and many carpels). Sachs (1873) also made extensive use of both floral diagrams and floral formulae in his influential Lehrbuch der Botanik (for a translation of Sachs' book see Goebel, 1887). He highlighted advantages of the formula over the diagram, noting that the former can be printed in "gewöhnlichen Typen" (i.e., ordinary typescript: Sachs, 1873: 519) and -perhaps more importantly -is capable of broader generalisation, because the figures can be replaced by letters as numerical coefficients.…”

Section: Historical Development Of Floral Formulaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Building on the principles established by Sachs (1873), and after considerable discussion, we have developed an agreed set of guidelines and a resulting standardised format for presenting floral formulae. We believe that this protocol will serve the needs of the many diverse uses to which floral formulae could (and should) be applied.…”

Section: A Standardised Floral Formula For the Twenty-first Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-We have adopted as the basis of our format the four fundamental categories of whorl that characterise eudicots. These four categories formed the basis of the typically quadripartite 'KCAG' (or, in appropriate cases, the tripartite 'PAG') floral formulae advocated by Sachs (1873). They are listed centripetally (acropetally) from the periphery to the centre (base to apex) of the flower along the floral axis: K calyx (sepal number), C corolla (petal number), A androecium (stamen number), G gynoecium (carpel number).…”

Section: A Standardised Floral Formula For the Twenty-first Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both approaches were developed during the nineteenth century when they achieved a reasonable level of usage in mainstream literature (cf. Grisebach, 1854;Sachs, 1873;Eichler, 1875Eichler, , 1878Goebel, 1887). However, use of floral diagrams declined during the twentieth century, and floral formulae travelled even further into obscurity, despite the fact that they convey a great deal of information in a highly compact form using only standard typeface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions

Prenner

Bateman

Rudall

2010

TAXON

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Building on two centuries of history, we advocate an expanded and maximally informative format for floral formulae to describe angiosperm flowers in formal taxonomic descriptions. Using standard typeface and Unicode character codes, the format can summarise a wide range of features, including: acropetal sequence of organ initiation, number and symmetry of each whorl of floral organs (bracts, sepals, petals [or tepals], androecium, gynoecium, ovules), position of the organs relative to each other, partial and/or complete fusion of organs, resupination, organ loss and suppression, and deviations from standard bisexuality. We use several complex flowers to demonstrate our view that all known flower morphs can be accurately represented by the updated format, and show how use of floral formulae can outline some unanswered questions regarding the floral organisation of the model organism Arabidopsis. Possible uses of floral formulae extend beyond static description of mature morphology into the comparative realm. When combined with phylogenies, they help to elucidate generalised groundplans, plesiomorphic architecture, and the location and polarity of particular character-state transitions. They can usefully be applied within as well as between species, to compare wildtype versus mutant morphs and different ontogenetic stages. Perhaps their greatest strengths are that they (1) require only a universally available typescript, and (2) bring a comprehensive uniformity to the description of flowers, acting as a checklist of features to be examined. We recommend that floral formulae become a routine component of diagnoses in protologues and other formal taxonomic (re)descriptions, functioning as a logical phenotypic counterpart to the DNA barcode.

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Section: Historical Development Of Floral Formulaementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Standardised Floral Formula For the Twenty-first Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Standardised Floral Formula For the Twenty-first Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions

Prenner

Bateman

Rudall

2010

TAXON

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“…For the past 150 years, there has been a strong focus on documenting the chemical diversity of secondary metabolites in the plant kingdom, leading to the discovery of diverse classes of compounds such as terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, glucosinolates, and polyketides. These secondary compounds were historically differentiated from products of primary metabolism, such as sugars, amino acids, nucleic acids, and fatty acids, as being nonessential for plant survival (Sachs, 1874;Kossel, 1891;Hartmann, 2008). However, by the 1980s, important functional roles began to be elucidated for metabolites previously classified as secondary, such as the phenolics (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

Something old, something new: Conserved enzymes and the evolution of novelty in plant specialized metabolism

2015

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Plants produce hundreds of thousands of small molecules known as specialized metabolites, many of which are of economic and ecological importance. This remarkable variety is a consequence of the diversity and rapid evolution of specialized metabolic pathways. These novel biosynthetic pathways originate via gene duplication or by functional divergence of existing genes, and they subsequently evolve through selection and/or drift. Studies over the past two decades revealed that diverse specialized metabolic pathways have resulted from the incorporation of primary metabolic enzymes. We discuss examples of enzyme recruitment from primary metabolism and the variety of paths taken by duplicated primary metabolic enzymes toward integration into specialized metabolism. These examples provide insight into processes by which plant specialized metabolic pathways evolve and suggest approaches to discover enzymes of previously uncharacterized metabolic networks.

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Julius Sachs (1868): The father of plant physiology

Kutschera

Niklas

2018

American J of Botany

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The year 2018 marks the 150th anniversary of the first publication of Julius von Sachs' (1832-1897) Lehrbuch der Botanik (Textbook of Botany), which provided a comprehensive summary of what was then known about the plant sciences. Three years earlier, in 1865, Sachs produced the equally impressive Handbuch der Experimental-Physiologie der Pflanzen (Handbook of Experimental Plant Physiology), which summarized the state of knowledge in all aspects of the discipline known today as plant physiology. Both of these books provided numerous insights based on Sachs' seminal experiments. By virtue of a reliance on detailed empirical observation and the rigorous application of chemical and physical principles, it is fair to say that the publication of these two monumental works marked the beginning of what can be called "modern-day" plant science. Moreover, Sachs' Lehrbuch der Botanik prefigured the ascendance of plant molecular biology and the systems biology of photoautotrophic organisms. Regrettably, many of the insights of this great scientist have been forgotten by the generations who followed. It is only fitting, therefore, that the anniversary of the publication of the Lehrbuch der Botanik and the career of "the father of plant physiology" should be honored and reviewed, particularly because Sachs established the physiology of green organisms as an integral branch of botany and incorporated a Darwinian perspective into plant biology. Here we highlight key insights, with particular emphasis on Sachs' detailed discussion of sexual reproduction at the cellular level and his endorsement of Darwinian evolution.

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Lehrbuch der botanik nach dem gegenwärtigen stand der wissenschaft

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions

Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions

Something old, something new: Conserved enzymes and the evolution of novelty in plant specialized metabolism

Julius Sachs (1868): The father of plant physiology

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