Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years.

Alvar, Jorge; Cañavate, Carmen; Gutiérrez-Solar, B; Jiménez, Marisol Rodríguez; Laguna, Fernando Ballester; López‐Vélez, Rogelio; Molina, Ricardo; Moreno, Javier

doi:10.1128/cmr.10.2.298-319.1997

Cited by 41 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The immune status of leishmaniasis patients has long been known to affect drug activity. This has proved to be of particular importance in relation to pentavalent antimonial treatment of DCL (Ercoli 1966) and HIV/VL coinfections (Alvar et al 1997) where there is an absence of a speci®c T-cell-mediated immune response. This lack of activity of pentavalent antimonials is also seen in immunode®cient mouse models where the effects are probably because of de®ciencies of both Th1 cell-mediated and macrophage responses (Murray et al 1989;Escobar et al 2001).…”

Section: Immune Status and Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effects of drug resistance on the ®tness (for example, abilities to transform, to establish an infection in the sand¯y vector, to outgrow a non-resistant wildtype) and R 0 of Leishmania have not been estimated. Current knowledge of the epidemiology and transmission of leishmaniasis suggests that the spread of acquired drug resistance is not a factor to be considered in cutaneous leishmaniasis except when caused by L. tropica, that it is a factor that requires consideration in L. infantum leishmaniasis where there is needle transmission (Alvar et al 1997) or extensive treatment of the domestic canine host (Gramiccia et al 1992), and that it is a factor of major importance in anthroponotic disease foci like L. donovani in Bihar State, India (see S. Sundar, this volume). This does not preclude a number of studies that describe the development of resistance in parasites normally associated with zoonotic infections in animals (Gramiccia et al 1992) or in humans during long courses of treatment especially in immunocompromised patients (Faraut-Gambarelli et al 1997), rather these studies must be seen in the context of the wider population.…”

Section: Acquired Drug Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring drug resistance in leishmaniasis

Croft

2001

Tropical Med Int Health

100

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SummaryThere are many factors that can in¯uence the ef®cacy of drugs in the treatment of leishmaniasis. These include both an intrinsic variation in the sensitivity of Leishmania species, described for pentavalent antimonials, paromomycin, azoles and other drugs that have reached clinical trials, as well as acquired drug resistance to antimonials. Acquired resistance has been studied in the laboratory for several decades but it is only recently that clinical resistance in L. donovani ®eld isolates has been demonstrated. The monitoring of resistance is problematic due to a reliance on the amastigote-macrophage culture assay to adequately correlate clinical and in vitro resistance and a lack of knowledge about the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of resistance to antileishmanial drugs.

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Section: Immune Status and Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acquired Drug Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring drug resistance in leishmaniasis

Croft

2001

Tropical Med Int Health

100

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“…: cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) (Peters et al, 1990). Parasitic forms that affect the viscera are considered OIs in AIDS (Matheron et al, 1992;Alvar et al, 1997). Leishmania sp.…”

Section: Resolvedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common protozoans as an uncommon cause of respiratory ailments in HIV-associated immunodeficiency

Shankar

Vignesh

Murugavel

et al. 2009

FEMS Immunology &Amp; Medical Microbiology

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Opportunistic infections (OIs) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among HIV-positive subjects. The breadth of reports of the rare occurrence of OIs in HIV/AIDS has been increasing over the years and more recent studies have outlined the changing trends in the emergence of newer pathogens. Recent reports of the association of certain protozoans that normally do not infect sites other than their normal sites of localization have generated huge interest among scientists. The complete depression of the immune system, followed by the onset of OIs, especially due to protozoans, i.e. toxoplasmosis, isosporiasis, leishmaniasis, cyclosporosis, microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis, is not uncommon in AIDS. The immunologic and pathologic basis behind the susceptibility of immunodepressed individuals to these 'non-site-specific parasites' is likely to have a huge impact on HIV disease progression. Certain possible shortcomings in the immunologic armory of immunodeficient subjects, their failure to contain the establishment of these 'uncommon' agents in the human host and their significance in HIV disease progression are discussed.

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“…Southern-Europe). Altogether, people in more than 88 tropical/ subtropical countries (16 developed and 72 developing countries) are affected by Leishmania infections (1)(2)(3)(4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous Leishmania infection: progress in pathogenesis research and experimental therapy

Stebut

2007

Experimental Dermatology

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Studies in murine experimental Leishmania major infection have helped to understand the requirements for efficient development of T helper (Th)1/cytotoxic T (Tc)1-mediated protection against the parasite. As such they have revealed that Fcc receptor (FccR)I and FccRIII-mediated uptake of L. major amastigotes by dendritic cells (DC) is an important prerequisite for Th1 development. In addition, DC-derived cytokines contribute to adequate T-cell education. DC-based vaccines may thus provide an important tool for both the development of a prophylactic vaccine against leishmaniasis and -together with leishmanicidal drugs -for eliciting immune-deviating functions towards protective immunity in non-healing leishmaniasis. This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of the role of DC for the induction of Th1/Tc1-predominant immunity against L. major and how this knowledge may translate into clinical approaches.

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Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years.

Cited by 41 publications

References 51 publications

Monitoring drug resistance in leishmaniasis

Monitoring drug resistance in leishmaniasis

Common protozoans as an uncommon cause of respiratory ailments in HIV-associated immunodeficiency

Cutaneous Leishmania infection: progress in pathogenesis research and experimental therapy

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