Leishmaniasis among internally displaced people of Colombia, 2007–2018 – A comparative analysis with the general population

Understanding the health needs of internally displaced persons: A scoping review

“…The way that internal displacement shapes the social situation of IDPs can produce long-lasting, diffuse and even transgenerational health impacts; a study on Palestinian IDPs suggests that they, their families and descendants, had poorer health than non-IDPs, even 60 years after initial displacement ( Daoud et al., 2012 ). Moreover, as we will show, gender and age shape the health impact of internal displacement within IDP populations ( Leus et al., 2001 ; Villamizar-Pena et al., 2021 ; Rodriguez-Morales et al., 2019 ; Castañeda-Hernández et al., 2018 ).…”

“…Disruption of prevention and control programmes by conflict and displacement contributes to a high prevalence of (and mortality from) vector-borne diseases (VBDs), such as malaria and leishmaniasis, among IDP populations ( Owoaje et al., 2016 ; Villamizar-Pena et al., 2021 ; Muhjazi et al., 2019 ; AJ Rodriguez-Morales et al., 2018 ). The congested, overcrowded conditions in which IDPs often live represent an additional risk factor.…”

Occupational exposure to malaria, leishmaniasis and arbovirus vectors in endemic regions: A systematic review

“…The displacement of over 4.2 million Syrians into neighbouring Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan led to outbreaks of leishmaniasis where refugees and sand flies coexist ( Koltas et al, 2014 ; Alhawarat et al, 2020 ; Ozbel et al, 2022 ). In Latin America, similarly, the incidence of leishmaniasis is far higher among internally displaced people ( Villamizar-Pena et al, 2021 ). Armed conflict enables outbreaks of serious NTDs ( Jacobson, 2011 ; Du et al, 2016 ) through a combination of factors, most notably, collapsed health-care infrastructure and population displacement.…”

Analysis of health overseas development aid for internally displaced persons in low- and middle-income countries

“…In addition, refugees are receiving over six times more health ODA per capita than IDPs. This is despite commonly higher health needs among IDPs compared to refugees ( Greene-Cramer et al., 2020 ; Heudtlass et al., 2016 ; Lam et al., 2015 ; Porter and Haslam, 2005 ; Villamizar-Pena et al., 2021 ).…”

“…Virtually all (99.5%) conflict/violence-driven IDPs are based in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) ( IDMC, 2021 ; UNHCR, 2021 ). Compared with resident populations and other forcibly displaced populations such as refugees, these IDPs typically experience higher rates of mortality, communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mental disorders ( Greene-Cramer et al., 2020 ; Heudtlass et al., 2016 ; Lam et al., 2015 ; Porter and Haslam, 2005 ; Villamizar-Pena et al., 2021 ). Explanations for these worse health outcomes include exposure to higher levels of violence, poverty, worse living conditions, and reduced access to health services ( World Bank, 2017 ; Cantor and Apollo, 2020 ; Cantor and Wooley, 2020 ; Cantor et al., 2021 ; Ekezie et al., 2020 ).…”