Leptin and chronic kidney diseases

Abstract

Chronic kidney diseases (CKD), a common outcome of various kidney diseases, cause a series of refractory complications, which lead to great economic burdens on patients. The clinical outcomes of CKD depend on various factors, including metabolic disorders. Leptin, a peptide hormone, produced in adipose tissues, plays an important role in regulating food consumption and energy expenditure. Leptin also influences the immune system and hematopoiesis. Increased leptin status is observed in CKD, leptin deficiency attenuates the immune response in nephritis. Conversely, leptin inhibits the development of obesity, which is closely associated glomerular disorder. Now, the precise role of leptin in CKD remains elusive. This review will give an integrated understanding of the potential role of leptin and its interactions with other signal molecules in CKD.

Increased Expression of the Leptin Gene in Adipose Tissue of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease–The Possible Role of an Abnormal Serum Fatty Acid Profile

“…In patients with CKD, an increased level of leptin may predict poor prognosis. A number of studies have indicated that leptin is involved in CKD progression and CKD complications [14,31]. Leptin plays a role in various types of kidney cells (e.g., glomerular mesangial cells, glomerular endothelial cells, and podocytes), and high leptin levels can lead to renal injury symptoms.…”

“…Leptin plays a role in various types of kidney cells (e.g., glomerular mesangial cells, glomerular endothelial cells, and podocytes), and high leptin levels can lead to renal injury symptoms. Leptin inhibits the expression of nephrin, podocin, podoplanin, and podocalyxin (the podocyte-associated molecules necessary for the proper functioning of the renal filtration barrier) and promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (a known factor involved in the pathogenesis of CKD) [14,31]. The late stages of CKD are related to protein-energy wasting (reduced body protein and fat mass, and usually reduced protein and energy intake), and since leptin inhibits appetite, it may contribute to a further deterioration of nutritional status or even to malnutrition [32].…”

“…Leptin is one of the hormones secreted by adipose tissue and has been recognized as a signaling molecule that regulates energy homeostasis [10,11]. This protein also plays an important role in immune regulation and inflammation, both closely associated with oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which may affect the risk of cardiovascular disorders [12][13][14]. Previous studies showed increased concentrations of leptin in the serum of patients with CKD [7,15]; however, the mechanism of this change is not well elucidated.…”

Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Cause Nephrotoxicity in Organoids, Mice, and Human Cells

“…Leptin, another adipokine, plays a vital role in energy expenditure, which is closely related to insulin sensitivity and kidney diseases. [ 41,42 ] The serum leptin level was decreased from 8.87 to 7.60 and 5.46 ng mL −1 , respectively, following 7 d of exposure to BP‐QDs and CdTe‐QDs, respectively (Figure 5B). Moreover, because the leptin/adiponectin ratio is positively associated with insulin insensitivity, it is considered a diagnostic biomarker.…”

Increased adiponectin gene expression in adipose tissue may be related to an abnormal serum fatty acid profile in patients with chronic kidney disease

“…Adiponectin, like leptin, is involved in energy homeostasis, but the action of these two adipokines is different. While leptin inhibits hunger and has pro-inflammatory properties [3], adiponectin has been shown to enhance insulin sensitivity and inflect inflammatory responses, thus it plays a great role in the protection from insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis [4]. Many studies have demonstrated abnormal serum FA profile in patients with CKD [5,6].…”